JUDITH [i 



General Editor 
E.M.BROWN 



€hc 23cllc^3Lcttrc0 £cric0 



SECTION I 

ENGLISH LITERATURE 

FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE YEAR I I Oi 



GENERAL EDITOI 

EDWARD MILKS BROWN, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR Or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI 



4"<#,§if 




*^iTIJ 



& S3 

WW* h£ 

3 2 pi 






* 



s~ *» 2 is P- 



2 l ; *f 





3k 




fc-B 

«j sT 




JUDITH 



AN OLD ENGLISH EPIC 
FRAGMENT 



EDITED BY 

ALBERT S. COOK 

PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERA- 
TURE IN YALE UNIVERSITY 



BOSTON, U. S. A. AND LONDON 
D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS 



-tftW 



tf° 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 
AUG 8 1904 
Cooyrfsrht Entry 

CLASS <Wxe. No. 

COPY B 



I 



0^ 



COPYRIGHT, I904, BY 
D. C. HEATH & CO. 

Printed in United States of America 



preface 

My earlier editing of this poem provided considerable 
material which I have been able to use with little modifi- 
cation in the present work. On the other hand, as the 
plan of this book is different, and as new opinions on cer- 
tain points had in the mean time been broached, and 
needed to be dealt with, the new edition is not a mere 
condensation of the earlier. In one respect, however, and 
that perhaps the most essential, I have been true to my 
first conception : I have endeavored to present the poem, 
fragmentary as it is, as a work of art, being persuaded 
that unless philological scholarship tends to exalt life, and 
the nobler aspects which life has assumed, or under which 
it has been conceived, the less we have of it the better. 

Yale University, 
Dec. 2i, igoj. 



3!ttttoDuction 



MANUSCRIPT 

The manuscript is the well-known Cotton Vitellius 
A. XV of the British Museum, probably of the tenth 
century, which likewise contains (fol. i29 a -i98 b ) the 
poem of Beowulf. The whole manuscript was first 
described by Wanley, Catalogus, pp. 218-219 j then in 
Planta's Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Cottonian 
Library (London, 1802), and elsewhere. Besides the 
Beowulf and the Judith, it contains eight other pieces, 
these two forming the final ones. 

A fire in 1 7 3 1 destroyed some of the Cottonian manu- 
scripts, and injured others, among the latter being this 
one. The injury consisted in the scorching of its edges 
and the shriveling of certain leaves. In some places the 
edges have been chipped away, and words, or portions 
of words, lost. It does not appear, however, as Dr. 
Tinker remarks (The Translations of Beowulf p. 8), 
that these losses are of so great importance as the remarks 
of some prominent Old English scholars might lead one 
to suspect ; l and it is certain that some awkward read- 
ings of the Judith are due to the blunderings of one or 
more scribes, though if Foster's conjecture is right, and 
the poem was composed about 915, there can hardly have 

1 But the injury to the manuscript is of less importance in this case, 
since the poem had been printed by Thwaites in 1698, before the injury 
occurred (see Bibliography). 



viii introduction 

been many transcriptions, on the theory that the manu- 
script is of the tenth century. The mixture of dialectic 
forms, however, seems to indicate that a Northern origi- 
nal passed through one or more hands, and that the last 
scribe, at all events, belonged to the Late West Saxon 
period. Forms like hehsta (4, 94) and nehsta (73), for 
example, point to the North, while such as hyhsta (309) 
are clearly West Saxon; so seced (96), hafaS (197), 
medonverige (229) seem distinctively Northern (Foster, 
Judith, pp. 50-51). 

The Judith begins in the manuscript immediately 
after the Beowulf ] and covers fol. i99 a -2o6 b . A photo- 
graphic facsimile of the Beoivulf pages was published by 
the Early English Text Society in 1882, with a trans- 
literation and notes provided by Professor Zupitza ; and 
a page (2oo b ) of the Judith is similarly reproduced in 
my earlier edition, containing lines 55* to 69 b . An 
autotype facsimile of all the pages of the Judith is in my 
possession, and I shall be happy to facilitate its consulta- 
tion by scholars. 

DATE 

Very few of the Old English poems are dated. Those 
of which we are most certain are the ones on the battles 
of Maldon and Brunanburh, and these must have been 
written soon after the respective dates of those battles, 
a. d. 937 and 991 ; and the Cynewulfian poems, Juli- 
ana, Elene, and Christ, which must have been written not 
far from the year 800. The latter poems have the name 
of the poet spelled in runes, the two former as Cyne- 
wulf, the latter as Cynwulf. Now the form Cyne- begins 
to appear about 750, and Cyn- about 800 ; x hence the 
Christ may be conjecturally dated about 800, or even 

1 See Sievers' proofs in Anglia 13. 11-15. 



3|ntrotiuction ix 

later ; the Elene only enough earlier to permit of the 
poet's alluding to himself as an old man 5 and the Juliana 
within the limits of Cynewulf 's activity as a religious 
poet. All that can be said with relative certainty is that 
the Christ no doubt belongs to the early ninth century, 
that the Elene can hardly be more than ten or a dozen 
years earlier, at most 5 and that the- Juliana can be only 
a few years earlier than the Elene, if indeed it be not later 
(for on this point we have no evidence). Of the remain- 
ing poems, the verse translation of the Metres of Boethius 
must, at earliest, fall at the very end of the ninth century, 
since it was executed either by Alfred or by some later 
writer. The interpolated portion of Genesis, known as 
Genesis B, can hardly be earlier than the middle of the 
ninth century, since it is based upon an Old Saxon poem 
which is ascribed to about 830 or 840. Caidmort s Hymn 
would date from about 670, and Bedels Death- Song from 
735. It is generally agreed that in its present form the 
Beowulf can not be later than about 750. These are 
almost the only poems which can be dated somewhat 
independently of others. The Andreas, Guthlac B, and 
the Phoenix have been assigned by some critics to Cyne- 
wulf, the evidence being perhaps clearest in the case of 
the Andreas. The rest of the poems must be dated on 
the basis of internal evidence, by a comparison of diction 
and metre with those of the foregoing, or perhaps rarely 
with Continental poems of date approximately ascertained. 
^ The Judith exhibits some striking correspondences in 
phraseology with the Juliana, the Elene, and the Andreas ; 
with Genesis A, the Battle of Maldon (Byrhtnoth), and 
the Beowulf; and, at a greater remove, with Gifts of 
Men, the Dream of the Rood, the Psalms, etc. For 
example, the phrase ic &e . . . biddan wylle (83-84) is 
found also in Beowulf and Andreas ; cene under cumblum 



x 3|ntrotmction 

(333) in Andreas^ flana scuras, lyth<won becwom, pys- 
trum for&ylmed, in Elene ; besides remoter parallels like 
hlynede and dynede (Jud. 23): Sonne rand dynede, camp- 
ivudu dynede (El. 50-51) 3 Jud. 61-63 : El. 150-152 j 
Jud. 220-227: El. 117-121 j on fleam sceacan, ongan his 
. . . teran, in Juliana, together with miltse Sinre me 
Searfendre (Jud 85): pat Pu miltsige me pearfendum 
(Jul. 449); blachleor ides, leoda rasnvan, sivegles aldor, 
Sare tide . . . is neah geprungen, in Genesis A -, bord 
and brad snxyrd, earn ates (ases) georn, guise gegremede, 
in Byrhtnoth ; bunan and orcas, ellor h^wearf, him nuiht 
ne speoiv, in Beowulf; helmas (helm) and (oSSe) hupseax, 
hare byrnan (oSSe heaSubyrnan), in Gifts of Men ,• sarra 
sorga, sorgum gedrefed, in the Dream of the Rood. 
These are but specimens of a larger number; others may- 
be found in the Verbal Correspondences of my earlier 
edition, or in my article, * Notes on the Judith,' in the 
Jour. Eng. and Germ. Phil. 5. 153-158. An instance of 
a more general resemblance is the appearance of the birds 
of prey (Jud. 205-212 : El. 27-30, 110-112; Brun. 
60-65 ; Exod. 161-164; Gen. 1983-1985, the passages 
being too long to quote), and other features of battle 
in the context of the same passages. 

Briefly stated, the argument from phraseology results 
in the conclusion that, owing to the comparatively large 
number of Cynewulfian reminiscences in the Judith, it 
can not well be earlier than, say, 825 5 1 and that owing 
to the correspondences between the Judith and the Bru- 
nanburh, one of them must have been a kind of model for 
the other. That the Judith is the earlier is shown by 
the fact that the Brunanburh has a tendency to borrow 
largely from earlier poems, no fewer than 3 5 hemistichs 

1 For details see my earlier edition, p. xx, and especially Foster, 
Judith, p. 86. 



3|ntroDuetton xi 

out of a total of 146 being thus appropriated bodily, 
besides 13 hemistichs which are close resemblances 5 l and 
that the correspondences with the Judith are among the 
most striking. Since, as between the two poems, it is the 
Brunanburh which more freely utilizes the phraseology 
of earlier poems, we may assume that the Judith is 
among the earlier poems thus utilized. Now, since the 
Brunanburh dates from 937, it results that the Judith 
must fall between, say, 810-825 and 937, the pos- 
sibility not being excluded that it is by Cynewulf's own 
hand. \ 

More exact dating than this is difficult. In my earlier 
edition I suggested the hypothesis that the theme of the 
poem was prompted by the arrival in England of that 
Judith whom ^Ethelwulf, the father of King Alfred, had 
married on the Continent, an event which occurred in 
the year 856. On this hypothesis, the Assyrians of the 
poem might have symbolized the invading Danes. Fos- 
ter, though agreeing with me in respect to the limits of 
date, was inclined to place the poem later than 856, and 
indeed to connect it with Queen ^Ethelflaed of Mercia, 
the daughter of King Alfred. Foster says (pp. 90-91): 
< -^thelflaed, then, is Mercia' s Judith, for she by no 
ordinary strategy, we are told, raised her kingdom and 
people to their old position. She, like the Hebrew 
Judith, abandoned the older strategy of raid and battle, 
not indeed to murder the Danish chief, but to build for- 
tresses and beleaguer her enemies, ^thelflsed is, then, a 
suitable and worthy heroine to have stirred a contempo- 
rary poet to his theme. In this estimation [estimate ?] 
of her we are confirmed by William of Malmesbury. . . . 
This suggestion would place our poem between the 
years 915 and 918 or soon after, during which period 

1 Foster, Judith, pp. 87, ioz. 



xii 3flntro&ucttcitt 

she obtained her greatest victories, dying in the last-men- 
tioned year. Our other results agree admirably with 
this date. It leaves sufficient time for the West Saxon 
author of Brunanburh to have become acquainted with 
the Judith, time too for it to be transcribed into West 
Saxon form, and transcribed again at the end of the cen- 
tury in the MS. which we now possess.' * Though the 
dates thus suggested, ca. 856 and ca. 915, are nearly two 
generations apart, yet it is gratifying that the Judith can 
be with some confidence assigned to a period so restricted, 
on the strength of nothing but internal testimony. 

If we divide Old English poetry, for convenience, 
into four successive groups, assigning the first to the 
period before 750, the second to that between 750 and 
850, the third to that between 850 and 925, and the 
fourth to everything after 925, we shall find that Ca?d- 
mon, Bede s Death-Song, and the core of the Beowulf fall 
within the first of these periods ; Cynewulf and much 
of the so-called Cynewulfian poetry within the second ; 
Genesis B and the Metres of Boethius within the third ; 
and Brunanburh and Byrhtnoth (The Battle of Maldon) 
within the fourth — not to mention others. The Judith, 
then, by general agreement, belongs to the third of these 
periods, 850-925, intermediate between the poetry of 
Cynewulf and the patriotic songs of the Chronicle. 

SOURCES 

The sources of our poem are contained in the Apoc- 
ryphal book of Judith. The order of events is not that 
of the original narrative. Many transpositions have been 
made in the interest of condensation and for the purpose 

1 With this date agree the conclusions of Trautmann, Kjnewulf, pp. 

IZO-I22. 



3(nttot)uctiott xiii 

of enhancing the dramatic liveliness of the story. Be- 
sides, the poet has not scrupled to add embellishments 
of his own invention, as will be more fully pointed out 
under the next head. The passages which seem to have 
been directly interwoven into the substance of the narra- 
tive are here subjoined in the Douay version, following 
the Vulgate, 1 upon which the poet depended : 

9. 14. Give me constancy in my mind, that I may 
despise him ; and fortitude, that I may overthrow him. 

9. 17. O God of the heavens, Creator of the waters, 
and Lord of the whole creation, hear me, a poor wretch, 
making supplication to thee and presuming of thy mercy. 

10. 16. And be assured of this, that when thou shalt 
stand before him, he will treat thee well, and thou wilt 
be most acceptable to his heart. And they brought her 
to the tent of Holofernes, telling him of her. 

10. 19, 20. And Judith, seeing Holofernes sitting 
under a canopy which was woven of purple and gold, 
with emeralds and precious stones, after she had looked 
on his face, bowed down to him, prostrating herself to 
the ground. And the servants of Holofernes lifted her 
up, by the command of their master. 

12. 10. And it came to pass on the fourth day that 
Holofernes made a supper for his servants, and said to 
Vagao his eunuch: Go, and persuade that Hebrew wo- 
man to consent of her own accord to dwell with me. 

12. 16. And the heart of Holofernes was smitten, 
for he was burning with the desire of her. 

12. 20. And Holofernes was made merry on her oc- 
casion, and drank exceeding much wine, so much as he 
had never drunk in his life. 

3 1 -1 9. And when it was grown late, his servants 
made haste to their lodgings, and Vagao shut the cham- 
1 Cf. pp. Z9 ff. 



xiv 3|ntroHuction 

ber-doors, and went his way; and they were all over- 
charged with wine. And Judith was alone in the 
chamber; but Holofernes lay on his bed fast asleep, 
being exceedingly drunk. . . . And Judith stood before 
the bed, praying with tears and the motion of her lips in 
silence, saying: Strengthen me, O Lord God of Israel, 
and in this hour look on the works of my hands . . . , 
that I may bring to pass that which I have purposed. 
. . . She loosed his sword that hung tied upon it [the 
pillar] . And when she had drawn it out, she took him 
by the hair of his head, and said: Strengthen me, O 
Lord God, at this hour. And she struck twice upon 
his neck, and cut off his head, and took off his canopy 
from the pillars, and rolled away his headless body. 
And after a while she went out, and delivered the head 
of Holofernes to her maid, and bade her put it into her 
wallet. And they two went out, . . . and they passed 
the camp, and, having compassed the valley, they came 
to the gate of the city. And Judith from afar off cried 
to the watchmen upon the walls: Open the gates, for 
God is with us, who hath shown his power in Israel. 
And it came to pass, when the men had heard her voice, 
that they called the ancients of the city. And all ran to 
meet her, from the least to the greatest. . . . Judith 
said: Praise ye the Lord our God, who hath not for- 
saken them that hope in him; . . . and he hath killed 
the enemy of his people by my hand this night. Then 
she brought forth the head of Holofernes out of the wal- 
let, and showed it them, saying: Behold the head of 
Holofernes, the general of the army of the Assyrians, 
. . . where the Lord our God slew him by the hand of 
a woman. 

14. 1, 2. And Judith said to all the people: Hear 
me, my brethren. . . . As soon as the sun shall rise, 



introduction xv 

let every man take his arms, and rush ye out, not as going 
down beneath, but as making an assault. 

14. 4, 5. And when the captains of them shall run 
to the tent of Holofernes, and shall find him without his 
head, wallowing in his blood, fear shall fall upon them. 
And when you shall know that they are fleeing, go aftei 
them securely, for the Lord will destroy them under 
your feet. 

14. 7-15. 8. And immediately at break of day, . . . 
every man took his arms, and they went out with a 
great noise and shouting. And the watchmen, seeing 
this, ran to the tent of Holofernes. And they that were 
in the tent came and made a noise before the door of the 
chamber to awake him, endeavoring by art to break his 
rest, that Holofernes might awake, not by their calling 
him, but by their noise. For no man durst knock, or 
open and go into the chamber of the general of the As- 
syrians. But when his captains and tribunes were come, 
and all the chiefs of the army of the king of the Assyr- 
ians, they said to the chamberlains: Go in and awake 
him, for the mice coming out of their holes have pre- 
sumed to challenge us to fight. Then Vagao, going 
into his chamber, stood before the curtain and made a 
clapping with his hands, for he thought that he was 
sleeping with Judith. But when with hearkening he 
perceived no motion of one lying, he came near to the 
curtain, and, lifting it up, and seeing the body of Holo- 
fernes lying upon the ground without the head, welter- 
ing in his blood, he cried out with a loud voice with 
weeping, and rent his garments. And he went into the 
tent of Judith; and, not finding her, he ran out to the 
people, and said: One Hebrew woman hath made confu- 
sion in the house of king Nabuchodonosor, for behold 
Holofernes lieth upon the ground, and his head is not 



xvi 31ntroDuctton 

upon him. Now when the chiefs of the army of the 
Assyrians had heard this, they all rent their garments, 
and an intolerable fear and dread fell upon them, and 
their minds were troubled exceedingly. And there was 
a very great cry in the midst of their camp. And when 
all the army heard that Holofernes was beheaded, cour- 
age and counsel fled from them, and, being seized with 
trembling and fear, they thought only to save themselves 
by flight} so that no one spoke to his neighbor, but, 
hanging down the head, leaving all things behind, they 
made haste to escape from the Hebrews, who, as they 
heard were coming armed upon them, and fled by the 
ways of the fields and the paths of the hills. So the 
children of Israel, seeing them fleeing, followed after 
them. And they went down sounding with trumpets, 
and shouting after them. And because the Assyrians 
were not united together, they went without order in 
their flight} but the children of Israel, pursuing in one 
body, defeated all that they could find. And Ozias 
sent messengers through all the cities and countries of 
Israel. And every country and every city sent their 
chosen young men armed after them, and they pursued 
them with the edge of the sword until they came to the 
extremities of their confines. And the rest, that were in 
Bethulia, went into the camp of the Assyrians, and took 
away the spoils which the Assyrians in their flight had 
left behind them; and they were loaden exceedingly. 
But they that returned conquerors to Bethulia brought 
with them all things that were theirs, so that there was 
no numbering their cattle, and beasts, and all their mov- 
ables, insomuch that from the least to the greatest all 
were made rich by their spoils. 

15. 13, 14. And thirty days were scarce sufficient for 
the people of Israel to gather up the spoils of the Assyr- 



^Introduction *vii 

ians. But all those things that were proved to be the 
peculiar goods of Holofernes they gave to Judith, in 
gold, and silver, and garments, and precious stones, and 
all household stuff; and they were all delivered to her by 
the people. 

16. i. Then Judith sung this canticle to the Lord, 
saying: ... 

ART 

The modes in which the poet's art is displayed may 
be considered under the four heads of Selection, Arrange- 
ment, Amplification, and Invention. To these might 
be added his mastery of language, and his skill in the 
handling of metre. 

Selection. — The characters are limited to three — 
Judith, Holofernes, and Judith's attendant. Hardly 
worthy to be ranked with these is the warrior who enters 
Holofernes' tent and announces his violent death. He 
is merely one of the group of officers, though a little 
bolder than the rest, and drops out of the action immedi- 
ately. There is no mention of Achior, none of Ozias, 
none of Bagoas (Vagao), none of Nebuchadnezzar. The 
latter seems to be merged in Holofernes, who is accord- 
ingly both general and king. Judith's handmaid serves 
to enhance the importance of the protagonist, as in the 
original narrative, though perhaps in a greater degree. 
Thus not only does she carry the bag, but it is she whom 
Judith commands (11. 1 71-17 3) to exhibit the head of the 
slain captain, instead of drawing it forth herself (13. 19). 
Judith is continually before us : she inspires, directs, or 
executes everything. The result is a foregone conclu- 
sion, and everything tends irresistibly towards it. At 
the very beginning of the poem we are assured that she 
was defended from the peril that menaced her, though 



xviii ^Introduction 

the 'fulness of the triumph is not foretold. The note of 
the beginning — 'a to ftam ^lmihtgan ' — recurs also 
at the end. 

Yet we are not permitted to overlook the formidable 
nature of Judith's antagonist, his wickedness and his 
power. His servants, even the principal warriors and 
councillors, remain at a distance until he summons them 
(11. 51-54), and fear to awaken him, even amid circum- 
stances of the greatest danger (11. 25 7—2, 58). The epithets 
applied to him, beginning with those descriptive of his 
station, soon alternate with such as characterize his evil 
disposition and purposes ; the latter grow relatively more 
and more numerous, until they culminate in the * heathen 
hound ' of 1. no, a variant of this being repeated in 
1. 179, where Judith is telling the story of his discom- 
fiture. But his character is not left to be inferred from 
epithets alone ; in 11. 1 81-18 3 his hostility and malice are 
plainly set forth. When the action opens, it is Holo- 
fernes who occupies the scene, and he remains in posses- 
sion of it, glorying in his authority and rejoicing over 
the banquet, long enough to challenge the attention of 
the reader, and make him apprehensive lest Judith may 
succumb in the unequal contest. The peripetia is then 
introduced with considerable art, being heightened by 
the prayer of Judith while holding the weapon, by her 
manipulation of the stupefied chieftain before raising her 
hand to strike, and by the appreciable interval between 
the two blows. 

There is thus a regular gradation of personages, the 
handmaid being but a shadow of Judith, and her foil, 
Holofernes a redoubtable foe, and Judith the triumphant 
heroine. To invest the latter with all the womanly at- 
tributes most reverenced by his countrymen, the poet 
endows her with virginal purity, and converts her from 



31ntroDuction xix 

a Jewess of profound religious conviction to an orthodox 
Christian and believer in the Trinity (11. 83-84). 

So far as we can judge, all is frankness and fair deal- 
ing on Judith's part. We hear nothing of her request- 
ing permission to go beyond the lines for prayer, and 
there is no hint of her practising deception or otherwise 
compromising herself, in the whole course of the poem. 
She is a heroine sans peur et sans reproche, unless we 
account her deed in itself as the exploit of a vulgar assas- 
sin. Admitting the purity of her intentions, and the 
essentially righteous character of the blow she inflicted, 
she remains the unsullied champion and deliverer of her 
people, as stainless and single-minded as the Maid of 
Orleans. 

The chief actors are thrown into relief upon a back- 
ground formed by the two armies respectively. More- 
over, the remarks of each are addressed to a kind of 
dumb chorus, in which all distinct individualities are 
suppressed. Such are the retainers whom Holofernes 
feasts, and the citizens who surround Judith on her return 
to Bethulia. 

It will be apparent from what has been said that the 
characters have been selected and shaded with reference 
to maintaining the dramatic unity of impression through 
a whole series of events, and that it is in the person of 
the heroine that this dramatic unity centres, as it is about 
her that all the incidents revolve. 

In the selection of these incidents, again, equal sound- 
ness of judgment is displayed. The order of events in 
the latter part of the Biblical narrative is, on the whole, 
preserved, those of lesser dramatic importance being 
eliminated. The poet's object is manifestly to depict 
only the cardinal situations and occurrences, and to im- 
press these upon the mind by the free play of his inven- 



xx 3|ntro&uction 

tion in elaborating scenes and incidents, introducing 
transitional passages to render the sequence obvious, and 
otherwise preparing or heightening the effect. 

Arrangement. — The topics of the poem are these: 

a) Divine assistance granted to Judith (i-7 a ). 

b) Feast ( 7 b -34 a ). 

c) Judith brought to Holofernes' tent (34 b -57 a ). 

d) Evil purposes and slaying of Holofernes (5 7 b -i 21). 

e) Return to Bethulia (122-170). 

f) Account of Holofernes' death and advice to the 
warriors (171— 198). 

g) Departure of the Hebrew army (199—216*). 

h) Surprise of the Assyrians and discovery of Holo- 
fernes' dead body (2i6 b -290 a ). 

i) Flight and defeat of the Assyrians (290^3 12*). 
j) Return of the Israelites and taking of spoil (3i2 b — 

3 35 a ). 

k) Recompense of Judith (335 a -342 ft ). 

/) Judith's thanksgiving (342 b -347 a ). 

m) Poet's ascription of praise (347^-350). 

In the main, as has been said, the order is that of the 
Apocryphal book, but two remarkable transpositions 
must be observed. 

In the poem, Judith is brought in after the conclusion 
of the banquet; in the original, while the feast is still in 
progress. The poet is thus left free to emphasize the 
license and clamor of the feasters, since Judith is not 
present, and therefore has no part in their eating and 
drinking (cf. 12. 18, 19). By this means, too, a direct 
motive is provided for Judith's conduct in the slaying, 
Holofernes' evil desires and intentions (12. 16) being 
referred to the moment of his entry into the pavilion 
11. 57 b -59 a ), which immediately precedes his drunken 
>tupor and his death. 



iflntroDuctton xxi 

T The other transposition has the air of an invention, but 
it may be, as indicated in the Sources, only a skilful em- 
ployment of the hint furnished by the original in the 
twofold division of the attacking forces (15. 4, 7). I 
refer to the actual engagement with the Assyrian army, 
or its vanguard, described so powerfully in 11. 2i6 b -2 35. 
This would be the natural sequel, to the Teutonic mind, 
of the array and hostile sally of the Hebrew troops (199- 
2i6 a ), though we are expressly told (14. 2, 7) that no 
actual conflict then took place, but merely a hostile 
demonstration. The rage and terror of the Assyrian 
leaders are accentuated by means of this change ; a 
moment of suspense, charged with ever increasing agony 
of apprehension, is introduced j and the despair which 
precedes the rout and final overthrow is rendered com- 
plete and overwhelming. Nearer and nearer approaches 
the noise of battle (2 6 1 ff". ), until the leaders can no longer 
endure the responsibility and the dread, and one of their 
number, breaking through the ceremonial restrictions 
which surround with inviolability the person of an Ori- 
ental despot, is brought face to face with the reality 
which eclipses all previous disaster. Besides, the poet's 
audience would demand a conflict, and not merely a pur- 
suit. To gratify such a demand, the battle proper must 
be introduced before the climax of consternation is 
reached, and the actual panic has begun. On these 
grounds the new arrangement is amply justified. Flight 
and combat are aptly interwoven in the description of the 
Assyrians' panic (29o b -3i2 a ) : they flee (29o b -292 a ), 
they are cut down (292^297*), still flee (297 b -298 a ), 
and are still cut down (29 8 b — 312 s ); finally, after a list 
of the spoils is given, the fulness of the patriots' triumph 
is again rehearsed (3i9 b -324 a ). 

Amplification It is somewhat difficult to effect a 



xxii KlntroUuction 

clear severance of invention from amplification, nor indeed 
is such analytic painful ness necessary beyond certain 
obvious limits. 

The poet dwells with especial fondness on feasting and 
war. This is a national trait, and should be considered 
without prejudice to the controlling art visible in every 
part of his production. Amplification rises to the dig- 
nity of invention in the lines which describe the wolf, the 
raven, and the eagle, haunters of the battle-field (205 b - 
2i2 a ). 1 But the continuation (2i2 b — 2 35 b ) also abounds 
in powerful strokes, which reveal a master of this species 
of poetry. The spoils are enumerated with a profusion 
of descriptive epithets (3i4 b -3i9 a , 335 b ~342 a ). The 
impression of a vast concourse of joyful and expectant 
people is admirably communicated (159 s1 — i7o b ). Some- 
thing like a lyric element is introduced into Judith's 
prayer (8o b ~93 a ), and into her speech before the people 
(177 11 — i98 b ), with its dramatic accompaniments (171 s — 
i75 b ). The feast is a drunken orgy (7 b — 34 a ), with the 
shadow of death hanging over it (i9 b -2i a ). Of minor 
interest, but still worthy of mention, are the escorting 
of Judith to the tent (37 b -46 a ), the description of the 
canopy and its use (46 b -54 a ), and the account of the 
journey from the Assyrian camp to Bethulia (125*- 

I 4 T a ). 

Invention. — Here, as elsewhere in Old English poetry, 
the bard occasionally marks his satisfaction or prevision 
by passages of reflective comment. Thus he anticipates 
the doom of Holofernes and affirms its justice (59 b — 67 s1 ), 
dwells upon the Divine assistance vouchsafed to Judith, 
as to every believing mortal (93 b — 98 a ), and ends the 
poem with a doxology of his own (347-3 5o a ). Akin 
to these are resumptive paragraphs, like I2 2 a -i24 b or 

1 But cf. p. X, supra. 



3flntrot)uction xxiii 

2 36 a -24i a , which are introduced at the beginning of a 
fit or canto, to effect a transition. Sometimes such 
a comment is merely retrospective, and not transitional 
(3 32 a -335 a ), and is intended to bind the work more 
firmly together, as well as to exalt the heroine. A pre- 
diction may be put into the mouth of a subordinate per- 
sonage, as in 2 85 a -2 89 a . From a result a previous ac- 
tion may be inferred, and expanded into a brief episode ; 
thus Holofernes is depicted in the act of falling (6^-6^), 
and the watchmen in that of holding guard (i4i b -i46 a ). 
Similarly, it is a consequence of the transfer of Judith 
from the banquet-hall to the bed-chamber, that the war- 
riors who had accompanied Holofernes (62 b ) immediately 
depart (69 b -73 a ) ; this retinue may be compared with 
that of Hrothgar {Beowulf 662-665% 920-924). The 
preparations for the slaying of Holofernes are multiplied, 
partly to increase the suspense, and partly for the purpose 
of rendering the narrative more graphic and lively. Thus 
Judith devises her plan while Holofernes sleeps (73 b - 
77 a ), unsheathes his sword with her right hand (79 b -8o a ), 
and places him in such wise as is most convenient for her 
(99 b -i03 a ). Not only does the officer who discovers 
Holofernes dead rend his garments and cry, but he falls 
to the earth and tears his hair (2 8o b -2 82 a ). Finally, the 
poet consigns Holofernes to the abode of darkness, the 
hall of torturing serpents, with evident satisfaction at the 
retribution which is there meted out to him (1 i2 b -i2i b ). 
Style. — As to the style, the qualities of clearness, 
boldness, and vigor are strongly marked. The narrative is 
rapid, yet there is a surprising amount of picturesque de- 
tail and wealth of characteristic epithet, considering the 
brevity of the poem. In certain other poems, parallelism 
has become almost a vice, but here it is kept within due 
limits, and is not allowed to retard the movement. 



xxiv ifintroUttction 

Metre. — The chief beauty of the metre lies in the 
artistic alternation of longer with shorter lines. It is cer- 
tainly going too far to say, with Foster (see note on 2-1 2) : 
«In these expanded lines, then, lies the whole story, 
dramatically told, and doubtless intended to be delivered 
in recitative. The rest is epic in its description of de- 
tails, and has much the same functions as the chorus in 
a Greek tragedy' ; yet that the expanded lines are intro- 
duced with art and measure is beyond question. But the 
sequences of long lines are not the only forms of group- 
ing which occur. Thus lines with only two alliterative 
syllables occur in a series of nine (170-178) 5 of six (48- 
53, 231—236) ; of five, four, and three in several places. 
Similarly, two successive lines alliterate with the same 
letter (B 17-18, 57-58, 137-138, 174-175 5 F 194- 
195, 220—221, 301-302 j and a number of others). 
For twenty-one lines in succession the second hemistichs 
are all constructed on the same model (1-21 ; compare 
the first hemistichs of 182-185 an d 1 90—1 93). J Not- 
withstanding these tendencies toward unification, there 
is no such monotony as might be expected, for side by 
side with them there is an impulse toward variety, ex- 
emplified in the varying length of sentence and phrase, 
bringing the pause now at the middle and now at the end 
of the line, and giving at once speed and sonority, am- 
plitude and vigor. High as the praise is, one can hardly 
refrain from acquiescing in the judgment of Sweet, who 
affirms that the poem combines * the highest dramatic 
and constructive power with the utmost brilliance of 
language and metre.'" 

1 For details see my previous edition, pp. lxx-lxxi. 



3Iut>iti) 



mm 

I. The Feast 

[tw]eode gifena 

in ftys ginnan gr [un] d [e] ; heo $ar "Sa gearwe funde 
mundbyrd aet "Sam masran peodne, }>a heo ahte mseste 

J^earfe 
hyldo J?aes hehstan Deman, ]?aet he hie wi$ ];aes hehstan 
brogan 
5 gefrfSode, fry mSa Waldend ; hyre 3aes Faeder on roderum 
torhtmod tr<5e gefremede, J>e heo ahte trumne geleafan 
a to 'Sam iElmihtgan. Gefraegen ic fta Holofernus 
winhatan wyrcean georne, and eallum wundrum Jrymllc 
girwan up swaesendo : to ^am het se gumena baldor 
io ealle $a yldestan ^egnas : hie ftaet ofstum miclum 



raefndon rondwiggend [e 



comon to 'Sam rlcan ];eodne 



feran folces raeswan. paet waes \y feorSan dogor 
];aes $e Iudith hyne gleaw on gcSonce, 
ides aelfsclnu, aerest gesohte. 

l a Gr. No tirmetodes ; K. Torhtes tirfruman no. — l b Ms. f::eode. 
— 2 a Ms. gr::d. | — 4 b Ett. haeftenes ? hzeftenan [for hehstan). — 6 a Ett. 
tide. — 7 a Ms. aelmihtigan ; so Edd., except Kl. s aelmih^an. — 8 a Ms., 
Thiv., Th., L.j Ett. win hatan ; Gr., R., Stv., K., Kl.% W. winhatan. — 
ll a Ms. wiggend. — I2 b Ms. dogore ; so Edd., except C. 1 , KI. 3 dogor. — 
14 After this line the Ms. has X, indicating a division. 






2 j 3|utritti 

15 Hie $a t5 'Sam symle sittan eodon, / 

wlance to wlngedrince, ealle his weagesrSas, 

bealde byrnwiggend [e] . pair wseron bollan steape 

boren aefter bencum gelome, swylce eac bunan and 
[o]rcas 

fulle fletsittendum : hie J?aet fzege J^egon 
20 rofe rondwiggende, J>eah ^aes se rica ne wende, 

egesful eorla dryhten. Da wearS Holofernus, 

goldwine gumena, on gytesalum ; 

hloh and hlydde, hlynede and dynede, 

J?aet mihten flra beam feorran gehyran, 
25 hu se strSmSda styrmde and gylede, 

modig and medugal manode geneahhe --nt 

bencsittende J>aet hi gebaerdon wel. 

Swa se inwidda ofer ealne daeg 

dryhtguman sine drencte mid wine, 
30 swrSmod sinces brytta, oft^aet hie on swlman lagon, 

oferdrencte his dugufte ealle, swylce hie waeron deafte 
geslegene, 

agotene goda gehwylces. 

2. The Slaying of Holof ernes 

Swa het se gumena [b] aldor 
fyl [1] an fletsittendum, o^aet flra bearnum 

17* Ms. byrnwiggend :. — 1 8 b Ms. : rcas. — 22 b Th. gyste-salum. — 32* 
Ms., Edd. agotene; K. agrotene ? — ^ Ms. :aldor (b expunged)', Tk., 
Ett., Gr., R., Kl*, W. aldor ; Thiv., S*v., K. baldor. — 33* Ms., Edd. 
fylgan j K. fyllan ?. 



lluDttf) 3 

nea [1] aehte niht seo )>ystre. Het fta nroa geblonden 
35}>a eadgan maeg3 ofstum fetigan 

to his bedreste beagum gehlaeste, 

hringum gehrodene. Hie hrafte fremedon, 

anbyhtscealcas, swa him heora ealdor bebead, 

byrnwigena brego : bearhtme stopon 
40 to ftam gysterne, J?air hie Iudithe 

fundon fertrogleawe, and $a fromllce 

lindwiggende lsedan ongunnon 

J?a torhtan maegft to traefe ]?am hean, 

J^asr se rica hyne reste on symb [el] , 
45 nihtes inne, Nergende la<$ 

Holofernus. pair waes eallgylden 

fleohnet faeger ymbe J?aes folctogan 

bed ahongen, J>aet se bealofulla 

mihte wlltan J?urh, wigena baldor, 
50 on aighwylcne J?e ftasrinne com 

haele^a bearna, and on hyne nasnig 

monna cynnes, nymSe se modga hwaene 

nroe rofra him J?e near hete 

rinca t5 rune gegangan. Hie $a on reste geb ronton 
55 [sn] ude 'oa snoteran idese ; eodon $a ste [rcedf] erlrSe 

34* Ms. nea:aehte. — 35* Ms., Edd. eadigan. — 40 b Ms. iudithSe. — 
44 b Ms. symb::. — 46 b Ett. ba. — 47 13 Ms., TAiv., TA., Leo, Gr., R., W. 
and ymbe ; Ett. and faeger ; Stv., K., AT/. 3 om. and. — 52 b Ms., Edd. mo- 
, diga. — 53 b TA., Ett. het; Ms., otAer Edd. hete. — 55 a Ms. |::ude; 
TAiv. snude. — 55 b Ms. ste : : : : | ferhSe ; TAiv., TA., Gr., K., KI.&, W. 
stercedferh>e ; Ett. snelferhSe because of alliteration ; Gr. swercedferhSe ? j 
R. swercendferfrSe j Siv. sweorcendferhSe. 



4 3lu*itt) 

haeldS heora hearran cySan J;aet waes seo halge 

meowle 
gebroht on his burgetelde. pa wearS se brema on 

mode 
blrSe, burga ealdor, J?ohte fta beorhtan idese 
mid wldle and mid womme besmltan ; ne wolde J>aet 

wuldres Dema 
6ogebafian, J?rymmes Hyrde, ac he him J>aes binges 

gestyrde, 
Dryhten, dugefta Waldend. Gewat fta se deofulcunda, 
galferhS [gangan] gumena Create 
bealofull his beddes neosan, j?2er he sceolde his blsed 

forleosa [n] 
aidre binnan anre nihte ; haefde $a his ende gebidenne 
65 on eorSan unswzesllcne, swylcne he xr setter worhte, 
J?earlmod 'Seoden gumena, J?enden he on ftysse 

worulde 
wunode under wolcna hrofe. Gefeol 'ba wine swa 

druncen 
se rica on his reste middan, swa he nyste rsda nanne 
on gewitlocan ; wiggend stopon 
70 ut of 'Sam inne ofstum miclum, 
wer [as] winsade, J?e ftone wserlogan, 
la$ne leodhatan, l^ddon t5 bedde 



56 b Ms. hallge ; so Ed J., except C. 1 , Kl. s halge. — 59* Thiv. somme. — 
62* Ms. galferhS ; Or., K. galferhS [cyning] 5 Koppel galferhS [gangan] } 
F. galferhS [and graedig]. — 62 b Ett. breate garberendra. — 63 b Ms. for- 
leosa:!. — ^4 b Ett. he {for "Sa). — 71* jkft.wer ::. — 72* Gr. leod-hatan ?. 



3|ttt>ttl) 5 

nehstan sr5e. pa waes Nergendes 

J?eowen ]?rymful J>earle gemyndig 
75 hu heo j?one atolan ea^ost mihte 

ealdre benaiman air se unsyfra, 

womfull, onwoce. Genam $a wundenlocc 

Scyppendes maeg$ scearpne mece, 

scurum heardne, and of sceafte abraid 
80 swrSran folme ; ongan fta swegles Weard 

be naman nemnan, Nergend ealra 

woruldbuendra, and J>aet word acwarS : 

4 Ic -Se frymSa God, and frofre Gaest, 

Beam Alwaldan, biddan wylle 
85 miltse Jnnre me |?earfendre, 

ftrynesse ftrym. pearle ys me nu fta 

heorte onhaited and hige geomor, 

swfSe mid sorgum gedrefed ; forgif me, swegles Ealdor, 

sigor and soSne geleafan, J>aet ic mid J?ys sweorde mote 
90 geheawan }>ysne morSres bryttan ; geunne me minra 
ge[sy]nta, 

J?earlmod J>eoden gumena : naht [e] ic jnnre naefre 

miltse J?on maran J?earf [e] : gewrec nu, mihtig Dryh- 
ten, 

torhtmod tires Brytta, J?aet me ys J?us torne on mode, 

hate on hre^re minum.' Hi fta se hehsta Dema 
?S aedre mid elne onbryrde, swa he de3 anra gehwylcne 

85 b Ms. bearffendre.— 86 b AT/.3 pearle menuSa.— 87 s Ms., Thiv., Gr., 
W., AT/. 3 heorte ys ; Th., Ett.,R., Siv. heorte (heorte ys note);K. heorte. — 
90 b Ms. ge::nta. — 9i b Ms. naht:. — 92* Ms. bearf:. 



6 3fluDitt) 

herbuendra J?e hyne him to helpe seceft 

mid raede and mid rihte geleafan. pa wearS hyre rume 
on mode, 

haligre hyht genlwod ; genam 'oa J;one hae^Snan man- 
nan 

faeste be feaxe sinum, teah hyne folmum wr$ hyre 
weard 
ioo bysmerllce, and J?one bealofullan 

listum alede, laSne mannan, 

swa heo ftaes unlaedan eaoost mihte, 

wel gewealdan. Sloh fta. wundenlocc 

J?one feondsceaftan fagum mece 
105 heteJ>oncolne, }>aet heo healfne forcearf 

J?one sweoran him, J>aet he on swiman laeg, 

druncen and dolhwund. Naes fta. dead J?a gyt, 

ealles orsawle : sloh $a eornoste 

ides ellenrof [o^] 1 ^ sr <$ e 
nojxme haeftnan hund, J?aet him ];aet heafod wand 

forS on 3a. flore ; laeg se fula leap 

gesne beaeftan, gaest ellor hwearf 

under neowelne naes, and $aer genyfterad waes, 

susle gesasled sy^ftan aefre, 
ii5wyrmum bewunden, witum gebunden, 

hearde gehaefted in hellebryne 

98* Ms. hceftenan ; 50 Edd., except C.\ Kl* haeSnan. — 105* TAiv., TA., 
Ett. hete }>oncolne. — lo8 b TAiv. eornost. — I09 b Ms. ::re. — no a Ms., 
Edd. haeSenan; C.l haeSnan. — u 3 a Ms., Thnv., Gr., S<w., K., Kl.% W. 
neowelne naes ; Leo neowelnis ; Ett. neowelnes j TA. 1 newelnaes j TA. 2 , R. 
neowelnaes. 






31tt&ttf) 



aefter hinsi3e. Ne 3earf he hopian no, 
J?yst [rum] for3ylmed, J?aet he 3onan mote 
of 3am wyrmsele, ac 3a?r wunian sceal 
20 awa to aldre butan ende for3 

in -cam heolstran ham hyhtwynna leas. 

3. The Return to Bethulia 

Haefde 3a gefohten foremaerne blaed 

Iudith aet gu3e swa hyre God u3e, 

swegles Ealdor, ]?e hyre sigores onleah. 
25 pa seo snotere maeg3 snude gebrohte 

J?aes herewai3an heafod swa blodig 

on 3am faitelse J?e hyre foregenga, 

blachleor ides, hyra begea nest { 

3eawum ge3ungen J?yder on lsedde, 
[30 and hit [3a] swa heolfrig hyre on hond agea[f], 

[hige3]oncolre ham to berenne, 

Iudith gingr[an] sinre. Eodon 3a gegnum J?anonne 

J?a idesa ba ellenjmste, 

o3J?aet hie becomon collenferh3e, 
[35eadhre3ge maeg3 ut of 3am herige, 

}>aet hie sweotolllce geseon mihten 

J?aire wlitegan byrig weallas bllcan, 

Bethuliam. Hie 3a beahhrodene 

8 a Ms. byst::. — 121 After this line the Ms. has XI, indicating a divi- 
— 17. f Leo, Gr., R. fore genge. — 130 s Ms.:: {for fta). — I30 b 
>»„,. — T „ T a jtf Sm :::::0 ncolre. — 132* Ms. gingr : : | . — 134* Ms., 






sion. 



Ms. agea:. — 131* Ms. :::::oncolre. — 132 
Thiv. hie hie. — 135 8 Ms., Edd. eadhreftige. 



8 juaiti) 

feftelaste forft onettan, 
140 oft hie glaedmode gegan haefdon 

to ftam wealgate. Wiggend saston, 

weras waeccende wearde heoldon 

in ftam faestenne, swa ftam folce aer 

geomormodum Iudith bebead, 
145 searoftoncol maegft, J?a heo on sift gewat, 

ides ellenrof. Waes fta. eft cumen 

leof to leodum, and fta lungre het 

gleawhydig wlf gumena sumne 

hyre togeanes gan of ftaere ginnan byrig, 
150 and hi ofostllce in forlaet[a]n 

J>urh ftaes wealles geat, and ]?aet word acwaeft 

to ftam sigefolce : c Ic eow secgan maeg 

J^oncwyrfte J>ing, ];aet ge ne f>yrfen leng 

[mu]rnan on mode: eow ys Metod bl[Ifte], 
155 cyninga Wuldor; }>aet gecyfted wearft 

geond woruld wide, J?aet eow ys wuldorblakl 

tor [ht] lie toweard and tlr gifefte 

J?ara laeftfta J?e ge lange drugon.' 

pa wurdon bllfte burhsittende, 
i6osyftftan hi gehyrdon hu seo halge spraec 

I4l b Ms. weal above line. — I42 b Ms. 1 of heoldon cor r. from r. — 
I44 b Ms., Th<w., Th., Rie. Iudithe. — 149 Thus in R., Siv. ; Ms., other 
Edd. of 'Saere ginnan byrig hyre togeanes gan ; Z. to geanes faran ? — 
150* Gr.om. hi. — i5o b Ms. forleton ; Thiv. forlaeten ; K., W. forlaeton 5 
K/. s forletaw ; other Edd. forlaetan. — 1 54* Ms. : : man. — 1 54 b Ms. bl : : :. — 
I57 a Ms. tor:: lie. — 158* Gr. [on last] bara laefrSa ? ; R. 'Sara lae^a [to 
bote] ? j Z. bara laeSSa [to leane]. — i6o a Ms., Edd. halige ; C.l halge. 



31u6ttl) 9 

ofer heanne weali. Here waes on lustum, 

wr3 J>aes faestengeates folc onette, 

weras wif somod, wornum and heap [um] , 

"oreatum and 'Srymmum J?rungon and urnon 
165 ongean 3a J?eo[d]nes maegiS Jmsendmaelum, 

ealde ge geonge : asghwylcum wear$ 

men on ^asre medobyrig mod areted, 

sylvan hie ongeaton J>aet waes Iiidith cumen 

eft to eSle, and fta ofostllce 
170 hie mid eaftmedum in forleton. 

pa seo gleawe het golde gefraetewod 

hyre "Slnenne J>ancolmode 

J?aes herewae^an heafod onwrrSan, 

and hyt to belrSe blodig aetywan 
i75)?am burhleodum, hu hyre aet beaduwe gespeow. 

Spraec fta. seo aeftele [to ea] Hum J?a [m] folce : 

1 Her ge magon sweotol [e] , [si] gerofe haslet, 

leoda raeswan, on ftaes laSestan 

haeftnes heaftorinces heafod staria[n], 
180 Holofernus unlyfigendes, 

]?e us monna maest morSra gefremede, 

sarra sorga, and J?aet swy^or gyt 

yean wolde; ac him ne u^e God 

lengran llfes, J?aet he mid las&Sum us 

l63 b Ms. heap::. — 165* Ms. beoftnes. — lj6 b Ms. :: ::llu ba {abbr. 
for m lost). — 177 s Ms. sweo-tol:. — I77 b Ms. ::gerofe. — 179* Ms., 
Edd. hae'Senes ; C. 1 haeftnes. — I79 b Ms. stariaft. — l82 b Ms., Sku., K., 
KI. 3 , W. and baet swyftor } Thw. and sybor ; Th., Gr.,R. and swyftor; Ett. 
and swi'Sor. 






io ifltt&itl) 

185 eglan moste : ic him ealdor o^rong 

Jmrh Godes fultum. Nu ic gumena gehwaene 

J>yssa burgleoda biddan wylle, 

randwiggendra, J>aet ge recene eow 

fysan to gefeohte ; sy&San frynrSa God, 
igoarfaest Cyning, eastan sende 

leohtne leoman, beraft linde forS, 

bord for breostum and byrnhomas, 

scire helmas in scea^ena gemong, 

fyllan folctogan fagum sweordum, 
195 fasge frumgaras. Fynd syndon eowre 

gedemed to deafte and ge dom agon, 

tir aet tohtan, swa eow getacnod hafaft 

mihtig Dryhten J?urh mine [h]and.' 

4. The Battle 

Va. wearS snelra werod snude 2; Tel gearewod, 
200 cenra t5 campe ; stopon cyn [ej rofe 

secgas and gesrSas, basron [sige] J^ufas, 

foron to gefeohte forS on gerihte, 

haeleft under helmum of ftaere halgan byrig 

on $aet daegred sylf ; dynedan scildas, 
205 hlude hlummon. pass se hlanca gefeah 

l88 b Ett. recen. — 190* Th., L., Ett., Gr., R., K. aerfaest ; Ms., 
Th-w., Sw., Kl.% W. arfzest. — 194* Ett. fyllan {opt. jst pi. ) ; Ett. fylla'B ?. 
— I95 b Ms. eowere ; so Edd., except AT/. 3 eowre. — iy$ h Ms. : and. — 
I99 b Ms. g:gearewod. — 200 b Ms. cyn: rofe. — 20i b Ms., Thw., Th., 
W. bufas; Ett.,Kl* sigebufas ; Gr., Sw., K. [sige] bufas ; R* bufas; 
W. note segnas. — 203 b Ms. haligan ; T/i. 1 ' 2 haligran j C. 1 halgan. 






3[uDitf) ii 

wulf in walde, and se wanna hrefn, 

waelglfre fugel : w [i] stan begen 

J>aet him 3a J?eodguman Ronton tilian 

fylle on faegum ; ac him fleah on last 
210 earn aBtes georn, urigfe^era ; 

salowigpada sang hildeleoS, 

hyrnednebba. Stopon hea^orincas, 

beornas to beadowe bordum be^eahte, 

hwealfum lindum, J;a/§e hwlle asr 
215 elfteodigra edwlt J;oledon, 

haeSenra hosp ; him ];aet hearde wearS 

aet ftam aescplegan eallum forgolden 

Assyrium, syfrSan Ebreas 

under gir$fanum gegan haefdon 
220 to 3am fyrdwlcum. Hie 3a fromllce 

leton for3 fleogan nana scuras, 

[hilde] naedran of hornbogan, 

straelas st [edehea] rde ; styrmdon hlude 

grame gQ3freca [n] , [g] aras sendon 
^25 in heardra gemang. HaelcS wasro[n] [y]rre, 

landbiiende laSum cynne ; 

stopon styrnmode, stercedferh3e 

wrehton unsofte ealdgenrSlan 

207 b Ms., Tntu., Th., Gr., R., K., KL* 9 W. westan ; Ett. western; 
Siv. wiston. — 209 b Gr. eac?; R. eac. — 21 i a K/. s note haswigpada ?. — 
222 a Ms. :::: naedran ; Thiv., Th., Gr. hilde naedran ; Ett., R., Siv., K., 
K/.3, W. hildenaedran. — 223* Ms. st::::::rde. — 223 b Th.l strymdon ; 
Leo strimdon. — 224* Ms. gutSfreca:. — 224 b Ms. :aras. — 225 15 Ms. 
waero: : |rre. — 228* Leo weahton j Gr. ehton ? 



t.ofC. 



12 Jfc idUUttlj 

medowerige ; mundum brugdon 
230 scealcas of scea^um scirmasled swyrd 

ecgum gecoste, slogon eornoste 

Assiria oretmaecgas, 

nrShycgende, nanne ne sparedon 

J?aes herefolces heanne ne rlc[n]e 
235 cwicera manna J>e hie ofercuman mihton. 
Swa fta mago);egnas on 'Sa morgentid 

ehton e'rSeoda ealle J>rage, 

oftjjaet ongeaton fta. ^e grame wsron, 

'Saes herefolces heafodweardas, 
24o)?aet him swyrdgeswing swrSlic eowdon 

weras Ebrisce. Hie wordum J?aet 

J?am yldestan ealdor)?egnum 

cy^an eodon, wrehton cumbolwigan 

and him forhtllce faerspel bodedon, 
245 medowerigum morgencollan, 

atolne ecgplegan. pa ic aedre gefraegn 

slegefasge haele<5 slaspe tobred[a]n 

and wr3 }>aes bealofullan burgeteldes 

weras [werig] ferrrSe hwearfum j?ringan 
250 Ho [lo] fernus ; hogedon aninga 

234* Ms., Thiv., Th., Ett., W. rice; Gr. + ricne. — 235 After 
this line the Ms. has XII, indicating a division. — 23 8 b R. gramra. — 
243 b Leo weahton ; Gr. wehton ; Sprachschatz wrehton ; Ett. wrehton ? 
wrehton? rehton ? — 247** Ms., Thiv., Th., K., Kl.*, W. tobredon ; Ett., 
Gr., R., Siv. tobredan. — 249 a Ms., Thiv., Th., Kl. s ferhSe j Ett. 
wideferfrSe 5 Gr. werig- for weras ; R. hreowig- ?; Siv. [hreowig-] ; K. 
[werig-] 5 W. . . . ferh'Se. — ^49 b Ett. wornum ; Thiv. bringan. — 250* 
Ms. ho::|fernus. 



3|utritl) 13 

hyra hlaforde n [i]ld[e] bodian, 

aerSonfte him se egesa on ufan saite, 

maegen Ebrea. Mynton ealle 

J?aet se beorna brego and seo beorhte maegft 
255 in $am wlitegan traefe waeron aetsomne, 

Iudith seo ae^ele and se galmoda, 

egesfull and afor ; naes fteah eorla nan, 

J?e ftone wiggend aweccan dorste, 

ofrSe gecunnian hu 'Sone cumbolwigan 
260 wr3 3a halgan maegS haefde geworden, 

Metodes meowlan. Maegen nealaehte, 

folc Ebrea, fuhton ]?earle 

heardum heoruwaspnum, has[s]te guidon 

hyra fyrngeflitu fagum swyrdum 
165 ealde aefSoncan ; Assyria wearS 

on 'Sam daegweorce dom geswrSrod, 

baelc forblged. Beornas stodon 

ymbe hyra |?eodnes traef J?earle gebylde, 

sweorcendferrrSe. Hi 'Sa somod ealle 
7oongunnon cohhet[t]an, cirman hlude, 

and grlstbltian Gode orfeorme, 

mid to^on torn J>oligende ; J;a waes hyra tires aet ende, 



25i b Ms., Thw., Th., Ett., Kl.% W. hyldo; Leo + hilde. — 263* 
Ms., Thnv., Th., Ett., Gr., R., K., AT/. 3 , W. haefte ; Gr. (Sprachschatz) 
haeste?; S10. haeste. — 26^ Ms., Thiv., Gr., Stv., K., AT/. 8 , W. ealde 
aefSoncan; Ett., Th. ealle afSoncan $ R. ealde afSoncan. — 266* Ms., Thiv., 
Gr. daege weorce ; other Edd. daegeweorce. — 270* Ms. cohhetan 5 C.\ AT/. 3 
cohhettan. — 27 i b Ett., Th* gode 3 ThA -f gode. 






14 ifltt&itl) 

eades and ellendaeda. Hogedon J?a eorlas 



awecc 



[an] 



"hi] ra win [e] dryhten : him wiht ne speow. 
275 pa wear [IT [s]r3 and late sum to 'Sam arod 

J>ara beadorinca, [l 73 ^] he in J>aet burgeteld 

nrSheard neSde, swa hyne nyd fordraf : 

funde "oa on bedde blacne lic[gan] 

his goldgifan gaistes gesne, 
280 lifes belidenn [e] . He J?a lungre gefeoll 

freorig to foldan, ongan his feax teran, 

hreoh on mode, and his hraegl somod, r ^nu- m \h L 

and ]?aet word acwae^ to 'Sam wiggendum, 

]fe 'Sser unrote ute wasron : 
285 ' Her ys geswutelod iire sylfra forwyrd, 

toweard getacnod J>aet J?3ere tide ys 
[nii] mid nroum neah geSrungen, 

ye [we life] sculon, losian somod, 

aet saecce forweorSan : her lr3 sweorde geheawen, 
290 beheafdod healden [d] tire.' Hi 3a hreowigmode 

271* Ms. ::des. — 273 b Ms., Thiv., Th., Ett., Gr., K., Kl.*,W. 
hogedon J>a eorlas; R., Siv. ba eorlas hogedon. — 274* Ms. awecc:: |; 
Ms. |::ra; Ms. wina- ; Edd. wine-. — 275* Ms. wear: ; Ms. |:io. — ■ 
275 b Ett. araed ? anrzed ? — 27 & Ms. '.(for first baet). — 277 s L. ineode 
(for neftde). — 278 b Ms. lie:::. — 279 b Ett. gaesenne ; Gr. gaestes gesne 
his goldgifan?. — 280* Ms. belidenn:. — 28 i a Ms. (Sie-v.) foldan; Ms., 
(Th., Siv.) feoldan; Th., Ett. feoldan ; Thiv. + foldan. — 28 5 a Ms. 
gswutelod. — 286 b Ett. tide ba git | is. — 287 a Gr., K. [nu] mid ni'Sum ; 
R. mid ni#a bearnum ; Siv. [nu] mid niSum ; Ms., Thiv., IV. midnifium ; 
Ett. mid niftum ; Heath ( Foster, p. ioj) mid nipe niwum ; A7. 3 reads 287 
and 288 as one line, mid ni'Sum neah geftrungen, fte we sculon nu losian. — 
288 a Ms. :: (after be), Edd. supply we; Ms. sculon; Ett., R. life sculon; 
Gr., K. [life] sculon. — 290* Ms. healden:. 



auDitl) 15 

wurpon hyra wa5pe[n] ofdune, gewitan him werig- 

ferhSe 
on fleam sceacan. 

6. The Pursuit 

Him mon feaht on last, 

maegeneacen f [olc] , 0% se maesta da?l 

J?aes heriges laeg hilde gesaeged 
195 on 'Sam sigewonge, sweordum geheawen, 

wulfum to willan, and eac waelgifrum 

fuglum to frofre. Flugon $a $e lyfdo [n] 

laSra lind [wiggendra] . Him on laste for 

sweot Ebrea sigore geweorSod, 
loo do [me] gedyrsod ; him feng Dryhten God 

faegre on ful [turn] , Frea aelmihtig. 

Hi fta fromllce fagum swyrdum 

haeleft higer5fe herpa^ worhton 

Jmrh la^ra gemong, linde heowon, 
05 scildburh scaer[on] ; sceotend waeron 

gu$e gegremede, guman Ebris [ce] ; 

]?egnas on $a tld J?earle gelyste 

gargewinnes. pasr on greot gefeoll 

se hyhsta dasl heafodgerlmes 
10 Assiria ealdordugirSe, 

291 s Ms. waepe:. — 293* Ms. — Icen ; Ms. f:::. — 297 b Ms. lyfdo : | ; 
Ett. lifdon. — 298* Ms. linde : | ; Ett., Gr. lindwig(g)endra ; TAw., TA., Leo, 
Sw. 9 K. lind j R. lind* ; W. t Kl* linde. — 300* Ms. do::. — 301* Ms. 
fill:::. —305* M*. scaer::| . — 3 o6 b Ms. Ebreis::. 



1 6 31uHitt) 

laSan cynnes : lythwon becom 

cwicera to cy&Se. Cirdon cynerofe, 

wiggend on wrSertrod, waelscel oninnan, 

reocende hraiw; rum waes to nimanne 
315 londbuendum on 'Sam laSestan, 

hyra ealdfeondum unlyfigendum 

heolfrig herereaf, hyrsta scyne, 

bord and brad swyrd, brune helmas, 

dyre madmas. Haefdon domlice 
320 on 'Sam folcstede fynd oferwunnen 

eSelweardas, ealdhettende 

swyrdum aswefede ; hie on swa^e reston 

J>a fte him to life lirbost wsron 

[cwicera] cynna. 

7. The Spoil 

[D]a seo cneoris eall, 
325 ma^g'S [a] [m] ^rost, anes monies fyrst, 

wlanc wundenlocc [wafjgon and laiddon 

to ftaere beorhtan byrig Bethuliam 

helmas and hupseax, hare byrnan, 

girSsceorp gumena golde gefraetewod, 
33omairra madma J?onne mon senig 

3i2 b Ett. tirdon (= tirigdon)? — 31 3 b Cos. waelstel, waelsteal(l). — 
3i4 a Ett. raewe ? j Gr. recende (Sprachsckatz reocende). — 320 b Thnv. fyrd. 
— 324* Ms. :::::::. — 324 b Ms. :a. — 325* Ms. maeg:: :aerost. — 326* 
Ett., Gr. wlance; Thiv., Th., L., Ett., Gr. wundenloce ; Ms., R., Siv., 
K. wundenlocc 5 R. wlanc wigena heap ?. — 3^6 b Ms. ::gon. — 328 b Th % 
herebyrnan. — 330* R. madma fela ? madma worn ?. 



iflttUttt) 17 

asecgan maege sear [o] Jxmcelra ; 

eal J?aet "Sa fteodguman J?rymme geeodon, 

cene under cumblum [on] compwlge 

Jmrh Iudithe gleawe lare 
335 maegft modigre. Hi to mede hyre 

of 'Sam srSfate sylfre brohton 

eorlas aescrofe Holofernes 

sweord and swatigne helm, swylce eac side [by] man 

gerenode readum golde, and eal j?aet se rinca baldor 
340 swrSmod sinces ahte oft^e sundoryrfes, 

beaga and beorhtra maSma, hi paet J^aere beorhtan idese 

ageafon gearoJ?oncolre. 

8. The Praise 

Ealles ftaes Iiidith saegde 
wuldor weroda Dryhtne, J>e hyre weorSmynde geaf, 
maerSe on moldan rice, swylce eac mede on heofonum, 
345 sigorlean [in swegles] wuldre J>aes ^e heo ahte so^ne 
geleafan 
[a] to $a [m] iElmihtgan ; huru aet |;am ende ne 
tweode 



33 i b Ms. sear: J?oncelra. — 3 3 3 b Ms., Thnv. •) ; Th., Kl. s and; Gr. 
and [preposition) ; Ett. aet ; R., S*w., K. on. — 336^ Thiv. sylfne. — 338* 
Ms. ::rnan. — 343* Th., AT/. 3 wuldor-weroda. — 345* sigorlean is the last 
•word in fol. 20& 3 ; the rest is added on the loiver margin, apparently in a 
hand of the ijih or 18th century, and is notv for the most part illegible (Siev.) ; 
wuldre next word legible after sigorlean (Cook). — 346* Gr. [up] ; R. up ; 
Szv., K. [a] ; Ms. om. a: ; Ms. "Sa: ; Ms., Edd. aelmihtigan. 



1 8 31u&itl) 

J?aes lea[nes ]>e heo] l[a]nge gyrnde. paes sy 'Sam 

leofan Dryhtne 
wu[ldor] t5 widan aldre, j?e gesceop wind and lyfte, 
roderas and [rum] e grundas, swylce eac re$e stream- 
as 
350 and swe[gles] dreamas []?urh his sylfes miltse]. 

347» Ms. lea::: :: ::: l:nge. — 348* Ms. wu::::. — 348 b Ett. he. — 
349* Ms. :::e. — 350* Ms. swe::::. — 350 b Ms. illegible. 



®ote$s 



JiJoteg 



I b . The suggested emendations are not convincing, but ne or 
no should almost certainly be supplied. Though the numbers in 
the Ms. before lines 15 (X), 122 (XI), and 236 (XII) would 
seem to indicate that we here have only the end of a much longer 
poem, yet the poem seems virtually complete as it now is, and the 
lines which here stand first are echoed so significantly at the end that 
it is difficult to believe that more than a very few lines are missing. 
Note how tiveode is repeated in 346 b , and 6 b ~7 a in 345 b -346 a . 

2-12. This is the first group of long or expanded lines, which 
together constitute nearly one fifth of the poem, or 66^ lines. The 
others are 16-21, 30-34, 54-61, 63-68, 88-99 (excluding 96 s ), 
132, 272-274*, 289 b -29i, 298*, 338-350 (excluding 350*). In 
general, the long lines of Old English poetry are employed in passages 
of peculiar elevation and solemnity, or in those expressive of un- 
wonted agitation. Foster's theory {^Judith, p. 39) is that in these 
expanded lines ' lies the whole story, dramatically told, and doubt- 
less intended to be delivered in recitative. The rest is epic in its de- 
scription of details, and has much the same functions as the chorus 
in a Greek tragedy.' See p. xxvi. 

2 b . 5ar. This form, according to Sievers, is Late West Saxon 
(GV. 321, note 2). 

7 a . ^lmihtgan. The reason for eliding the second i is thus 
given in Gr. 144 a : ' Every middle vowel of a trisyllabic word 
\_JElmihtigan is here treated like mihtigan], when originally short, 
and not rendered long by position, is syncopated after a long radical 
syllable.' Besides, according to metrical principles, we should here 
read ^LXX | -£XX, not -^.XX | ^-^-XX- 

I2 a . ]>y feorSan dogor. Jud. 12. 10 : 'And in the fourth 
day Holofernes made a feast.' — d5gor. The regular instru- 
mental form would be dogre, but such forms as this are also found 
(Gr. 289). The reason for preferring it or dogre here, against 
manuscript authority, is metrical. The hemistich now scans : 
XXX I ^X I -£X. 



22 jpotes 

14 8 . ides aelfscinu. Both Abraham and Abimelech call 
Sarah mag alfsdeno, Gen. 1^27, 2730. Otherwise neither Old 
nor Modern English seems to afford us much help in determining 
just what is meant (see NED. s. v. elf). The Old Norse is more 
suggestive. Thus the Edda has its Ijosalfar, 'elves of light,' whose 
king is the god Frey (the god of light), and the sun is sometimes 
poetically called alfroSull, ' elfin beam or light ' (Cleasby-Vigfusson, 
Jcel.-Eng. Diet.). 

23 ff. This is the most graphic picture of hilarious inebriety in 
the whole range of Old English poetry. 

24*. fira beam. A Hebraism. 

25 s . stlSmoda. Such weak adjectives used as nouns are rather 
frequent in the poem. 

3I a . duguSe. The word corresponds to German Tugend, and 
is related to Mod. Eng. doughty. 

32 b . baldor. Both gumena aldor and gumena haldor occur, 
so that it is difficult to know which the poet intended here j 
perhaps the expunction of b was done merely by the latest scribe. 

33*. fyllan. This seems preferable to fylgan, the manuscript 
reading, since that could only mean, 'serves,' a sense otherwise unex- 
ampled in the poetry. Here ' fill ' means, of course, * fill with wine,' 
4 pour out. ' 

46. eallgylden. Jud. 10. 20, 21 assures us that Holofernes' 
canopy was woven with 'purple, and gold, and emeralds, and precious 
stones. ' 

47 b . ymbe. The manuscript and before this word is evidently 
superfluous. 

5l b . nsenig. I. e. [mihte wlitan]. 

55 b . stercedferhSe. Thwaitesso reads, and the Ms. ste . . . 
forbids the emendations of Ettmiiller, Grein, Rieger, and Sweet. 
The word occurs again in 227. 

59 b . Wllldres Deraa. Not a very felicitous epithet. It is 
formed by the substitution of Dema, as in 4, 94, for Cyning, in 
tvuldres Cyning (cf. Chr. 565, etc.), which reposes on Ps. 24. 7, 
IO, and is not found elsewhere ; prymmes Hyrde is equivalent. 

62\ gangan. geivat gangan (gongan) is also found in A<z. 
180, Gen. 1049 5 there is no point in introducing the word cyning ,• 
and there is no reason for here depicting Holofernes as ' greedy.' 

77 b . WUtldenlocC. Here, and in 103, Judith is curly-haired, 



jftotes 23 

as are the Hebrews generally in 326. Elsewhere in OE. poetry, 
it is only an unnamed woman in Rid. 26 11 who is so characterized. 

87*. heorte. The ys of the Ms. seems to be repeated from the 
preceding line. 

94 b ~95 a . Observe the peculiar syntax of the adverb, and com- 
pare 97 . 

96 b . him. Reflexive. 

99 b . wi5 hyre weard. Cf. to us-ivard, Ps. 40. 7 ; Eph. 
I. 19 ; 2 Pet. 3. 9 (all A. V.). 

IlO\ hund. See 1 Sam. 17. 43 ; 2 Kings 8. 13 for similar 
contemptuous uses of ' dog.' 

1 1 I b . leap. The sense is only to be ascertained from the con- 
text. Usually leap = ' basket. ' 

1 1 2*. gesne. The word occurs as late as the seventeenth 
century, and later dialectically; cf. NED. and Eng. Dial. Diet. 
s. v. geason. 

ii3 a . under neowelne naes. Cf. Beoiv. 141 1. The con- 
ception of a Cliff of the Dead is an old one. In the London Academy 
(34. 257) Professor F. York Powell says : ' Gill and others have 
recorded the Polynesian belief respecting the Spirit's Rock — a pre- 
cipice, generally overlooking the sea, down which the spirits of the 
dead are supposed to leap after death on their way to the spirit- 
world, and down which living persons have occasionally hurled them- 
selves out of life. This belief obtained also among the Greeks j 
and Odyssey 24. 1 1 presents a very clear allusion to Leucas, White* 
Cliff, as a way to the spirit-world.' He also refers to Gautrec's 
Saga, p. 7, though this is less pertinent. In a later issue (34. 355) 
I compared EI. 832, where, as here, the sense of 'headland,' 
1 cliff,' is hardly evident, and endeavored thus to show how that sense 
might have passed into that of ' chasm, ' ' abyss : ' ' Any one who 
has visited the Yosemite Valley, and stood at the base of El Capi- 
tan, can perfectly understand the transfer of meaning in the case of 
rues. Imagine that the opposite walls of the valley have been rent 
apart by a convulsion of nature. We have a level floor, and a sheer 
ascent on each side. That which is just under this level floor is at 
the same time under the precipitous headland and under the deep 
chasm, and, looking from above, it does not much matter which 
we call it, only that if we chanced to be speaking of gnomes disport- 
ing below the surface of the valley, as in Undine, we should be 



24 j£ote$ 

quite as likely, I conceive, to think of the abysmal as of the pro- 
montorial aspect. And so I apprehend that we must interpret the 
neolum nasse of the Elene, at least, without much reference to the 
primary conception of "headland." Neotuol may have been asso- 
ciated with darkness through the idea of the under-world, Hades.' 

Il7 b . hopian. Foster says (Judith, p. 88) : 'In the whole 
Beowulf, in the Caedmonian poems as in the Cynewulfian, this word 
is unknown, the conception ' ' hope ' ' being expressed by hycgan or 
ivenan. ... In the whole range of Old English poetry, it is only 
found in Judith and in the Metra y 44 .' He therefore concludes 
that this word ' would further justify us in placing Judith at the 
end of the ninth or at the beginning of the following century,' 
referring to Dietrich's article in the Zs. fur Deutsches Alter thum 9. 
216. 

I22 a . gefohten. Notice the force of the prefix = attain by 
the active of the simple verb. 

I26 b . swa. Thus used in 130*. 

134*. The second Hie of the Ms. is evidently superfluous. 

136-137. Thus the seafarers in Beowulf behold from afar the 
gleaming cliffs (Beoiv. 221-222). 

149. Metrical law requires that, of three alliterative syllables, 
two shall be in the first hemistich 5 hence the transposition. 

I50 b . forlaetan. The infinitive is required by the sense. 

158*. J?ara laeSSa. The efforts of the commentators have 
been directed to finding a noun on which la-SSa might depend. 
Zupitza's conjecture is as ingenious as any, but no one of them can 
be called convincing. Meanwhile, para laStSa is metrically sound, 
and perhaps, by a little forcing, we can read some such sense as 
bit or lean out of tir, as implicit in it. 

167*. medobyrig. A Germanic, not a Jewish city. 

l8l a . msest. To be construed both with monna and morSra. 

I94 a . fyllan. In the sense of the gerund, tbfyllanne. 

195*. frumgaras. The word is apparently a translation of 
Lat. primipilus. 

20I b . [sige]J>ufas. From the Latin tufa ; the correspondence 
is noted by Bede, Eccl. Hist. 2. 1 6. Some alliterative syllable is re- 
quired in the second hemistich, and sige- was suggested on the analogy 
of such words as sigebeacen, sigebeam, sigebyme, sigeivtepen, etc. 

204 b -205 a . For the onomatopoetic effect cf. 23 ff. 



iPotesf 25 

2ig\ guSfanum. Cf. the Modern English gonfalon. 

220\ fyrdwlcum. For the plural cf. Lat. castra. 

228 a . wrehton. Grein's ehton is perhaps an improvement 
upon this as regards sense, but the change is rather violent. 

229 a . medowerige. The middle vowel i has here been re- 
tained, because its omission would not improve the metre. So also 
in 245. (Cf. Sievers, PBB. 10, 461.) 

243 b . wrehton. Not merely 'wake,' but 'rouse up ' ; in 
Dan, 577 we have the phrase iveceS and ivreceS with 'rain' 
(regna scur') as the subject, and 'Nebuchadnezzar' as the object. 
There seems no sufficient ground to question the reading. 

249*. werigferhSe. The Ms. has only ferh'Se. In 291 
•werigferhSe occurs. The alliteration in ivthiv is already estab- 
lished for the line, and is paralleled by 314, r:hr:r. 

25 I b . hilde. Leo's emendation is self-evident. 

263 b . hae[s]te. There is no adverb hafte, and the inst. sing, 
of the noun haft is unexampled in the poetry, and would in any 
case have no meaning here. 

266 a . daegweorce. dage- is not a combining form, and there 
is no possibility of construing the two words if they are separated. 

272*. J?a waes hyra tires set ende. An apparent confu- 
sion of two constructions: (a) pa was hyra tir at ende ; (b) 
pa was hyra fires ende ,• but cf. Doomsday 2 b — 3*. 
Feores bi^ aet ende 
anra gehwylcum. 

273 b . As Foster notes {Judith, p. 14), Rieger's transposition 
' gives a half-line of a form seldom, if ever, found.' 

274. winedryhten. ivina- is impossible $ ivinedryhten is 
found in Beowulf and elsewhere. 

275 b . to Sam. To that extent ; so. 

287*. [nu]. Some word is required for metrical reasons, as 
without it the hemistich has only one foot. Kluge also adopts the 
nu, but inserts it later. Rieger's mid niSa bearnum is weak. Foster 
objects {^Judith, p. 47) that nu is here made a chief-stressed and 
alliterative word, comparing lines 92 and 1 86. Heath's emendation 
satisfies metrical requirements, but niS seems not otherwise to be 
used with such an adjective. With niS = ' man ' nothing can 
be done. The line seems to be desperately corrupt, and our reading 
is only a makeshift. 



26 jftotes 

288 s . Ettmiiller's emendation is extremely plausible. It must be 
noted that losian is rather ' escape (from )' than ' lose.' 

298. The emendation is supported by 42, in conjunction with 
laSra, which implies the gen. plur. Lind would be metrically 
unacceptable, and, if we read linde t there would be no reason for 
fleeing the shields. 

305 a . SCildburh. The best notion of this is derived from the 
accounts of Caesar's combat with Ariovistus. Thus Caesar himself 
says {Bell. Gall. 1.52) : ' The Germans, according to their custom, 
rapidly forming a phalanx, sustained the attack of our swords. There 
were found very many of our soldiers who leaped upon the phalanx, 
and with their hands tore away the shields, and wounded the 
enemy from above.' Florus has (3.10): ' The ardor of the Ro- 
man soldiers in the battle cannot be better shown than by the cir- 
cumstance that when the barbarians, having raised their shields 
above their heads, protected themselves with a testudo, the Romans 
leaped upon their very bucklers, and then came down upon their 
throats with their swords. ' But the fullest account is that of Dio 
Cassius (38. 49, 50), which is classic for this formation among the 
Germans (I quote the translation kindly made for me by Dr. Charles 
G. Osgood ) : ' In this manner they [the Germans] got the worst 
of it ; yet they did not flee — not that they were unwilling, but rather 
that they were unable, both from distraction and from faintness. 
Thus, gathering together in groups of three hundred, more or less, 
they thrust forward their shields on every side of them, and standing 
erect, made themselves both inaccessible by their close formation, 
and hardly movable by their dense crowding ; and thus they neither 
wrought nor suffered any harm. Accordingly the Romans, since 
the barbarians began neither to advance upon them nor to flee, 
but, remaining stationary, stood like towers $ and since, too, the 
Romans having thrown away their spears at the first attack as be- 
ing useless, they could now neither wage a hand-to-hand fight with 
their swords nor come at the enemies heads, where alone they were 
vulnerable, since they fight bareheaded — [under these conditions] 
they tore off the shields, and, falling upon the enemy, some with a 
running start, others from near by, they leaped up as best they could 
and slashed them, and thus in an instant many fell at a single blow, 
and many even died before they could fall 5 for, by reason of their 
close formation, even though aead they were held on their feet.' 



312. walscel. Cosijn's emendation, vuahtel, for walsteal(l), 
is regarded by him as a synonym for wahtoiv, ' battle-field,' a word 
used in Beowulf and elsewhere. 

330*. The gen. plur. seems to require a governing noun j but 
cf. Para laSSa, 158. 



baggage* from tye Vulgate Uu&itlj 



|Das#age0 from t\)t Vulgate 3|ututl> 

O. 14. Da mihi in animo constantiam, ut contemnam ilium j et 
virtutem, ut evertam ilium. 

9. 17. Deus caelorum, Creator aquarum, et Dominus totius crea- 

turae, exaudi me miseram deprecantem, et de tua misericordia 
praesumentem. 

10. 16. Hoc autem scias, quoniam cum steteris in conspectu ejus, 
bene tibi faciet, et eris gratissima in corde ejus. Duxeruntque 
illam ad tabernaculum Holofernis, annuntiantes earn. 

10. 19, 20. Videns itaque Judith Holofernem sedentem in con- 
opoeo, quod erat ex purpura, et auro, et smaragdo, et lapididus 
pretiosis intextum 5 et cum in faciem ejus intendisset, adoravit 
eum, prosternens se super terram. Et elevaverunt earn servi 
Holofernis, jubente domino suo. 

12. 10. Et factum est, in quarto die Holofernes fecit coenam 
servis suis, et dixit ad Vagao eunuchum suum : Vade, et suade 
Hebraeam illam ut sponte consentiat habitare mecum. 

12. 16. Cor autem Holofernis concussum est 3 erat enim ardens in 
concupiscentia ejus. 

12. 20. Et jucundus factus est Holofernes ad earn, bibitque vinum 

multum nimis, quantum numquam biberat in vita sua. 

13. I-19. I. Ut autem sero factum est, festinaverunt servi illius ad 
hospitia sua, et conclusit Vagao ostia cubiculi, et abiit ; erant 
autem omnes fatigati a vino. Eratque Judith sola in cubiculo j 
porro Holofernes jacebat in lecto, nimia ebrietate sopitus. . . . 
Stetitque Judith ante lectum, orans cum lacrymis, et labiorum 
motu in silentio, dicens : Confirma me, Domine Deus Israel, 
et respice in hac hora ad opera manuum mearum . . . j et 
hoc, quod credens per te posse fieri cogitavi, perficiam. . . . 
Pugionem ejus, qui in ea ligatus pendebat, exsolvit. Cumque 
evagihasset ilium, apprehendit comam capitis ejus, et ait : Con- 
firma me, Domine Deus, in hac hora. Et percussit bis in cer- 
vicem ejus, et abscidit caput ejus, et abstulit conopoeum ejus a 
columnis, et evolvit corpus ejus truncum. Et post pusillum 



32 jjDastfages from tlje ©ttlgate 

exivit, et tradidit caput Holofernis ancillae suae, et jussit ut 
mitteret illud in peram suam. Et exierunt duae, . . . et 
transierunt castra, et, gyrantes vallem, venerunt ad portam civi- 
tatis. Et dixit Judith a longe custodibus murorum : Aperite 
portas, quoniam nobiscum est Deus, qui fecit virtutem in Israel. 
Et factum est, cum audissent viri vocem ejus, vocaverunt 
presbyteros civitatis. Et concurrerunt ad earn omnes, a mi- 
nimo usque ad maximum. . . . Dixit Judith : Laudate Domi- 
num Deum nostrum, qui non deseruit sperantes in se ; . . . 
et interfecit in manu mea hostem populi sui hac nocte. Et 
proferens de pera caput Holofernis, ostendit illis, dicens : Ecce 
caput Holofernis principis militiae Assyriorum, . . . ubi per 
manum feminae percussit ilium Dominus Deus noster. 

14. I, 2. Dixit autem Judith ad omnem populum : Audite me, 
fratres. . . . Et erit, cum exierit sol, accipiat unusquisque arma 
sua, etexite cum impetu, non ut descendatis deorsum, sed quasi 
impetum facientes. 

14. 4, 5. Cumque duces eorum cucurrerint ad tabernaculum Holo- 
fernis, et invenerint eum truncum in suo sanguine volutatum, 
decidet super eos timor. Cumque cognoveritis fugere eos, ite 
post illos securi, quoniam Dominus conteret eos sub pedibus 
vestris. 

14. 7 _I 5- 8. Mox autem, ut ortus est dies, . . . accepitque 
unusquisque vir arma sua, et egressi sunt cum grandi strepitu et 
ululatu. Quod videntes exploratores, ad tabernaculum Holo- 
fernis cucurrerunt. Porro hi, qui in tabernaculo erant, veni- 
entes, et ante ingressum cubiculi perstrepentes, excitandi gratia, 
inquietudinem arte moliebantur, ut non ab excitantibus, sed a 
sonantibus, Holofernes evigilaret. Nullus enim audebat cubi- 
culum virtutis Assyriorum pulsando aut intrando aperire. Sed 
cum venissent ejus duces ac tribuni, et universi majores exerci- 
tus regis Assyriorum, dixerunt cubiculariis : Intrate, et excitate 
ilium, quoniam egressi mures de cavernis suis ausi sunt provo- 
care nos ad praelium. Tunc ingressus Vagao cubiculum ejus, 
stetit ante cortinam, et plausum fecit manibus suis $ suspicabatur 
enim ilium cum Judith dormire. Sed cum nullum motum 
jacentis sensu aurium caperet, accessit proximans ad cortinam, 
et, elevans earn, vidensque cadaver absque capite Holofernis 
in suo sanguine tabefactum jacere super terram, exclamavit 



phages from ttje Vulgate 33 

voce magna cum fletu, et scidit vestimenta sua. Et ingressus 
tabernaculum Judith, non invenit earn, et exiliit foras ad popu- 
lum, et dixit : Una mulier Hebraea fecit confusionem in domo 
regis Nabuchodonosor 5 ecce enim Holofernes jacet in terra, et 
caput ejus non est in illo. Quod cum audissent principes vir- 
tutis Assyriorum, sciderunt omnes vestimenta sua, et intolera- 
bilis timor et tremor cecidit super eos, et turbati sunt animi 
eorum valde. Et factus est clamor incomparabilis in medio cas- 
trorum eorum. Cumque omnis exercitus decollatum Holo- 
fernem audisset, fugit mens et consilium ab eis, et, solo 
tremore et metu agitati, fugae praesidium sumunt ; ita ut nullus 
loqueretur cum proximo suo, sed, inclinato capite, relictis om- 
nibus, evadere festinabant Hebraeos, quos armatos super se 
venire audiebant, fugientes per vias camporum et semitas collium. 
Videntes itaque filii Israel fugientes, secuti sunt illos. De- 
scenderuntque clangentes tubis, et ululantes post ipsos. Et 
quoniam Assyrii non adunati, in fugam ibant praecipites ; filii 
^autem Israel uno agmine persequentes, debilitabant omnes quos 
invenire potuissent. Misit itaque Ozias nuntios per omnes 
civitates et regiones Israel. Omnis itaque regio omnisque urbs 
electam juventutem armatam misit post eos, et persecuti sunt 
eos in ore gladii quousque pervenirent ad extremitatem finium 
suorum. Reliqui autem, qui erant in Bethulia, ingressi sunt 
castra Assyriorum, et praedam quam fugientes Assyrii reliquerant 
abstulerunt ; et onustati sunt valde. Hi vero qui victores reversi 
sunt ad Bethuliam omnia quae erant illorum attulerunt secum, 
ita ut non esset numerus in pecoribus, et jumentis, et universis 
mobilibus eorum, ut a minimo usque ad maximum omnes di- 
vites fierent de praedationibus eorum. 

15. 13, 14. Per dies autem triginta, vix collecta sunt spolia 
Assyriorum a populo Israel. Porro autem universa quae 
Holofernis peculiaria fuisse probata sunt dederunt Judith, in 
auro, et argento, et vestibus, et gemmis, et omni suppellectili ; 
et tradita sunt omnia illi a populo. 

16. I. Tunc cantavit canticum hoc Domino Judith, dicens : . . . 



'Btblfograp^ 



2&tfrtiograpl)p 



I. EDITIONS. 

These are contained in : — 

Edward Thwaites, Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nico- 
demi ; Anglo-Saxonice. Historic Judith Fragmentum ,• Dano- 
Saxonice. Oxford, 1698. 

Benjamin Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. London, 1834. 
(2d ed., 1846.) 

Heinrich Leo, Angehachsische Sprachproben. Halle, 1835. 

Heinrich Leo, Altsdchsische und Angehachsische Sprachproben. 
Halle, 1838. 

Louis F. Klipstein, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, Vol. 2. New York, 
1849. 

Ludwig Ettmiiller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras. Qued- 
linburg and Leipzig, 1850. 

C W M. Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen Poesie, Bd. I. 
• 'Gottingen, 1857. (2d ed., by Wiilker, Bd. 2, 1888-1894.) 

L. G. Nilsson, Judith. Copenhagen, 1858. 

Max Rieger, Alt- und Angelsdchsisches Lesebuch. Giessen, 1 86 1. 

Henry Sweet, An Anglo-Saxon Reader in Prose and Verse. Ox- 
ford, 1876. (2d ed., 18795 3d ed., 1881 ; 4th ed., 1884, 
etc.; 7 thed., 1894.) ,- * • « 

Karl Korner, Einleitung in das Studium des Angelsachsischen. 
Heilbronn, 1880. 

Friedrich Kluge, Angelsdchsisches Lesebuch. Halle, 1888. (2d 
ed., 1897; 3d ed., 1902.) 

Albert S. Cook, Judith : an Old English Epic Fragment. Bos- 
ton, 1888. (2d ed., 1889 ; Students' ed., 1893.) 

Selected portions in : — 
J. P. E. Greverus, Empfehlung des Studium der Angelsachsischen 

Sprache. Oldenburg, 1848. 
L. G. Nilsson, Anglosaxisk Ldsebok. Lund, 1871. 
Julius Zupitza, Altenglisches Lesebuch. Vienna, 1874. (2d ed., 

1881 ; 5th ed., revised by J. Schipper, 1897 ; 6th ed., 1902.) 



38 Bibliography 

2. TRANSLATIONS. 

a) Complete : 

German, in Grein's Dicktungen der Angelsachsen, Bd. I. Gottin- 

gen, 1857. 
Swedish, in Nilsson's edition. 
German, in Korner's Einleitung (above). 
English, in Morley's English Writers, Vol. 2. London and 

New York, 1888. (Reprinted in Cook and Tinker's Select 

Translations from Old English Poetry. Boston, 1902.) 
English, in Garnett's Elene, etc. Boston, 1889. (2d led., 1900.) 
English, in Hall's Judith, Phoenix, and other Anglo-Saxon Poems. 

Boston, [1902]. 

b) Partial: 

English, in Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons (3ded.), Vol. 3. 

London, 1820. (1st ed., 1799-1805.) 
German, in Greverus' Empfehlung (above). 
Swedish, in Nilsson's Anglosaxisk Lasebok (above). 
Danish, in Hammerich's De episkkristelige Oldk-vad. Copenhagen, 

1873. 
German, in Michelsen's translation. of Hammerich, under the title : 

Aelteste Christliche Epik der Angelsachsen, Deutschen, und Nord- 

lander. Giitersloh, 1874. 
English (11. 1-121), by Emily H. Hickey, in London Journal of 

Education for Feb. 1st, 1889. 
English (11. 1-121) by Oliver Elton, in An English Miscellany. 

Oxford, 1 90 1. 

3. MANUSCRIPT, COLLATIONS, AND TEXTUAL 
CRITICISM. 

H. Wanley, Catalogus, p. 219, in Hickes' Thesaurus, Vol. 2. 
C. W. M. Grein, in Germania 10. 419. 

Eduard Sievers, in Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Alterthum 1 5. 461-462. 
P.J. Cosijn, in Tijdschrift'voor Nederl. Taal- en Letterkunde I. 1 49 
(proposes tvalstel, lualsteaKf) for ivalscej in 1. 313). 



H5ibliograpl)E 39 

E. Koeppel, in Archiv fur das Studium der Neueren Spracken und 
Litter atur en 90. 140 (emendation of 1. 62). 



4. METRE AND RIME. 

Friedrich Kluge, Zur Geschichte des Reimes im Altgermanischen, in 

Paul und Braune's Beitrage 9. 444-449. 
Karl Luick, Ueber den Versbau des Angelsachsischen Gedichtes 

Judith^ in Beitrage II. 470—492. 
Eduard Sievers, Der Angelsachsische Schiuell<vers, in Beitrage 12. 

454-482. 



5. AUTHOR, DATE, GRAMMAR, AND STYLE. 

G. Stephens, The Old-Northern Runic Monuments, Vol. 2. 
London and Copenhagen, 18 66-1 868. 

F. Hammerich, Aelteste Christliche Epik (see 2, above). 

G. Vigfusson and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, Vol. I. 
Oxford, 1883. 

E. Groth, Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus. 
Gottingen, 1883. 

F. Kluge (see 4, above). 
Karl Luick (see 4, above). 

Albert S. Cook, Notes on a Northumbriani%ed Version of Judith , 

in Transactions of the American Philological Association 20 

(1889). I72-I74- 
J. G. Foster, Judith : Studies in Metre, Language, and Style. 

Strassburg, 1892. 
Max Neumann, Ueber das Altengliscke Gedicht von Judith. Kiel, 

1892. 
August Miiller, Syntax des Verbums in dem Angelsachsischen 

Gedichte i Judith." Leipzig. 1892. 
F. Brincker, Germanische Alterthilmer in dem Angelsachsischen 

Gedichte l Judith.' Hamburg, 1898. 
M. Trautmann, Kyneivulf der Bischof und Dichter (pp. 35, 120). 

Bonn, 1898. 



40 115ibltograpl)E 



6. DESCRIPTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. 

R. P. Wiilker, Grundriss %ur Geschkhte der Angel 'size h si sc hen Lit- 
teratur (pp. 140-143, 512-514). Leipzig, 1885. 

Gustav Korting, Grundriss der Geschichte der Englischen Littera- 
tur, 3d ed. Minister, 1899. 



dSlo&iatJi? 



tiHaftWr? 



[The order of words is strictly alphabetical, ae coming between ad and af, 
but initial 5 following t. Roman numerals indicate the class of ablaut verbs j 
wi., etc., that of the weak verbs ; rd., the reduplicating j prp., the preteri- 
tive present verbs j anv., the anomalous verbs. The double dagger, J, is 
used to designate words not elsewhere found in the poetry, according to Grein. 
When the designations of mood and tense are omitted, ' ind. pres.' is to be 
understood, unless some other designation has just preceded ; when of mood 
only, supply 'ind.' if no other has preceded, otherwise the latter.] 



A. 

a, adv., ever, always, 7, [346] 5 

see awa. 
abregdan, in., draw, pret. 3d 

sing. abrzed, 79. 
ac, conj., but, 60, 119, 1835 

and{T), 209. 
acwe6an, v., speak, pret. 3d 

sing. acwaeS, 82, 151, 283. 
sedre, adv., forthwith, 64, 95, 

246. 
aefre, adv., ever, 114. 
aefter, prep. w. dat., after, 117 ; 

along, 18. 
aefter, adv., towards, 65. 
aefScjnca, m., grudge, ap. asf- 

ftoncan, 265. 



aeghwylc, pron., each, asm. 

aeghwylcne, 50 } dsm. sgh- 

wylcum, 166. 
Jaelfscine, adj., beautiful as an 

elf, nsf. aelfsclnu, 14. 
aelmihtig, adj., almighty, nsm. 

301; dsm. wk. aslmiht(i)gan, 

_ 7» 346. 

aenig, pron., any, nsm. 330. 

ser, adv., before, previously, 65, 

_ i43> 2I 4- 

aer, conj., ere, before, 76. 

aerSonSe, conj., before, 252. 

aerest, adv., first, 14. 

Jaescplega, m., ash-play, spear- 
play, ds. aescplegan, 217. 

aescr5f, adj., brave, npm. aesc- 
rofe, 337. 



44 



<Slos#arE 



aet, prep. w. dat., in, 123, 175, 
197, 217, 289 } at, 272, 346 j 
from, 3. 
aet, n., food, prey, gs. aetes, 210. 
aetsc^mne, adv., together, 255. 
aetywan, wi., display, inf. 174. 
aeSele, adj., noble, nsf. 176, 

256. 
afor, adj.,/frf^, nsm. 257. 
agan, prp., own, have, 2dplur. 
agon, 196 j pret. 3d sing. 
ante, 3, 6, 340, 345 ; with 
negative prefix: pret. 1st sing, 
nahte, 91. 
ageotan, 11., drain, deprive, 

infl. pp. agotene, 32. 
agifan, v., give, place, bestow, 
pret. 3d sing, ageaf, 130; 3d 
plur. ageafon, 342. 
ahon,rd.,^<2»§-, pp. ahongen, 48. 
aldor, see ealdor, n. 
al^cgan, wi., lay down, pret. 

3d sing, alede, 101. 
alwalda, m., ruler of all, gs. al- 

waldan, 84. 
an, num., one, a single, gsm. 
anes, 325 j dsf. anre, 645 gp. 
anra, 95. 
anbyhtscealc, m., retainer, np. 

anbyhtscealcas, 38. 
and (ond?), conj., and. 
aninga, adv., forthwith, 250. 
aretan, w 1 . , gladden, pp. areted, 
167. 



arfaest, adj. , glorious, nsm. 190. 
Jarod, adj., forward, bold, 

nsm. 275. 
as^cgan, W3., say, relate, inf. 

331; 

Assiria, pr. n., Assyrians, gp. 

Assiria, 232, 310, Assyria, 

265 ; dp. Assyrium, 218. 
asw^bban, wi., put to sleep, 

infl. pp. aswefede, 322. 
atol, adj., terrible, asm. atolne, 

246 } asm. wk. atolan, 75. 
awa, adv., ever, always, 120 ; 

see a. 
2.yR%Q.ZQXL,vi\., awake, inf. 258, 

274. 



baelc, m., pride, ns. 267. 
baldor, m., prince, king, ns. 9, 

3*> 49, 339- 
be, prep. w. dat., by, 81, 99. 
beadorinc, m., warrior, gp. 

beadorinca, 276. 
beadu, f., battle, war, ds. bead- 

uwe, 175, beadowe, 213. 
Jbeasftan, adv., behind, 112. 
beag, m., ring, bracelet, gp. 

beaga, 341 ; dp. beagum, 36. 
beahhroden, adj. (pp.), adorned 

with rings, npm. beahhrod- 

ene, 138. 
beald, adj., bold, npm. bealde, 

17. 



&los#arE 



45 



bealofull, adj., baleful, wicked, 
nsm. 63 ; nsm. wk. bealoful- 
la, 48 ; gsm. wk. bealofullan, 
248 ; asm. bealofullan, 100. 

bearhtme, adv., instantly, 39. 

beam, n., child, son, as. 84 ; 
np. 24 ; gp. bearna, 5 1 j dp. 
bearnum, 33. 

bebeodan, 11., w. dat., com- 
mand, pret. 3d sing, bebead, 
38, 144. 

becuman, iv., arrive, pret. 3d 
sing, becom, 311; pass, pret. 
3d plur. becomon, 134. 

b^d, n., bed, gs. beddes, 63 ; 
ds. bedde, 72, 278 ; as. bed, 
48. 

b^dr^st, f., bed, ds. bedreste, 
36. 

begen, num., both, npm. begen, 
207 ; npf. ba, 133 ; gp. be- 
gea, 128. 

Jbeheafdian, w2., behead, pp. 
beheafdod, 290. 

JbehS, f., sign, proof, ds. behfte, 
174. 

bellSan, 1., f., deprive of, inn. 
pp. belidenne, 280. 

benaeman, wi., w. instr., de- 
prive of, inf. 76. 

b^nc,f., bench, dp. bencum, 18. 

b^ncsittend, m., bench-sitter, 
guest, ap. bencsittende, 27. 

beorht, adj., fair, nsf. wk. 



beorhte, 254 ; dsf. wk. beorht- 

an, 327, 341 ; asf. wk. beorht- 

an, 58 } gp. beorhtra, 341. 
beorn, m., man, hero, np. beorn- 

as, 213, 267 j gp. beorna, 

254. 
beran, iv., bear, carry, pret. 

3d plur. bSron, 201 ; imp. 

plur. beraft, 191 j infl. inf. 

to berenne, 131 j pp. boren, 

18. 
besmitan, 1., pollute, inf. 59. 
beS^ccan, wi., cover, protect, 

infl. pp. befteahte, 213. 
Bethulia, pr. n.,as. Bethuliam, 

138, 327. 
bewindan, in., bevoind, en- 
compass, surround, pp. be- 

wunden, 115. 
bidan, 1., avoait, infl. pp. ge- 

bidenne, 64. 
biddan, v., request, implore, 

inf. 84, 187. 
bindan, in., bind, pp. gebund- 

en, 115. 
Jbinnan, prep. w. dat., voithin, 

64. 
blac, adj., pale, asm. blacne, 

278. 
blachleor, adj., fair-cheeked, 

fair, nsf. 128. 
blaed, m., life, glory, as. 63, 

122. 
blican, 1., glitter, inf. 137. 



46 



<3\o$my 



bliSe, adj., joyous, nsm. 58 ; 
npm., 159 j gracious, nsm. 

1 54- 
bl5dig, adj., bloody, asn. 126, 

174. 
blqndan, rd., mix, infect, pp. 

geblonden, 34. 
bodian, W2., announce, pret. 

3d plur. bodedon, 244 $ inf. 

251. 
Jbolla, m., bowl, np. bollan, 

17. 
bord, n., shield, dp. bordum, 

213 ; ap. 192, 318. 
brad, adj., broad, apn. 318. 
bregdan, in., draw, pret. 3d 

plur. brugdon, 229. 
brego, m., prince, ns. 39, 254. 
breme, adj., famous, nsm. wk. 

brema, 57. 
breost, n. , breast, dp. breostum, 

192. 
bringan, wi., bring, pret. 3d 

plur. brohton, 336. 
broga, m., peril, gs. brogan, 4. 
brun, adj., brown, apm. brune, 

318. 
brytta, m., divider, distributor, 

ns. 30, 93 ; as. bryttan, 90. 
biine, f., cup, np. biinan, 18. 
burg, f., city, fortress, gs. byrig, 

137 j ds. byrig, 149, 203, 

327 5 gp. burga, 58. 
Jburgeteld, n., pavilion, gs. 



biirgeteldes, 248 ; ds. biirge 

telde, 57 } as. 276. 
burgleode, mpl., citizens, gp 

burgleoda, 1875 dp. burhleod 

urn, 175. 
burhsittend, m., citizens, np 

burhsittende, 159. 
butan, prep. w. dat., without 

120. 
byldan, wi., excite, infl. pp 

gebylde, 268. 
byriie, f., hauberk, corselet, ap 

byrnan, 323, 338. 
Jbyrnhqin, m., hauberk, corse 

let, ap. byrnhomas, 192. 
byrnwiga, m., warrior, gp 

byrnwigena, 39. 
byrnwiggend, m., warrior 

np. byrnwiggende, 17. 
bysmerllce, adv., shamefully 



camp, m., fight, ds. campe, 200. 
cene, adj., valiant, npm. 3335 

gp. cenra, 200. 
cirman, wi., shriek, inf. 270. 
cirran, wi., turn back, pret. 3d 

plur. cirdon, 312. 
cneoris, f., tribe, nation, ns. 

3 2 4- 
Jcohhettan, wi., lamentQ), 

wailQ), inf. (cohhetan) 270. 
collenferhS, adj., inspirited, 



^lostfarp 



47 



bold, elated, npf. collen- 

ferh'Se, 134. 
Jcompwig, n., combat, ds. 

compwlge, 333. 
cuman, iv., come, pret. 3d sing. 

com, 50; 3dplur. comon, 11; 

pp. cumen, 146, 168. 
cumbol, n,, banner, standard, 

dp. cumblum, 333. 
J cumbol wiga, m., warrior, 

as. cumbol wigan, 259 j ap. 

cumbolwigan, 243. 
cwic, adj., living, gp. cwicera, 

235, 312, 324. 
cyn, n., race, nation, people, gs. 

cynnes, 52, 311 $ ds. cynne, 

226 5 gp. cynna, 324. 
cynerof, adj., brave, noble, 

npm. cynerofe, 200, 312. 
cyning, m., king, ns. 190 j gp. 

^cyninga, 155. 
cySan, wi., announce, publish, 

blazon, inf. 56, 243 j pp. 
_gecy«ed, 155. 
cy55(u), {., native land, ds. 

cyftfte, 312. 



daeg, m., day, as. 28. 
daegred, n., davon, as. 204. 
daegweorc, n., daf 's work, con- 
flict, ds. daeg(e)weorce, 266. 
dael, m., part, ns. 293, 309. 
dead, adj., dead, nsm. 107. 



dea6, m., death, ds. deafte, 196; 

is. deafte, 31. 
dema, m., judge, ns. 59, 94 ; 

gs. deman, 4. 
deman, wi., doom, condemn, pp. 

gedemed, 196. 
Jdeofolcund, ad)., devilish, dia- 
bolical, nsm.wk. deofolcunda, 

61. 
dogor, n., day, is. dogor(e), 12. 
Jdolhwund, adj., vjounded, 

nsm. 107. 
dom, m., reputation, glory, ns. 

266 j as. 196 j is. dome, 

300. 
domlice, adv., gloriously, 319. 
don, anv., do, pres. 3d sing. 

de$, 95. 
dream, sm., joy, ap. dreamas, 

drefan, wi., perturb, afflict, pp. 
gedrefed, 88. 

drencan, wi., drench, deluge, 
pret. 3d sing, drencte, 29. 

dreogan, 11., suffer, endure, 
pret. 2d plur. drugon, 158. 

druncen, adj. (pp.), drunken, 
nsm. 67, 107. 

dryhten, sm., Lord (God), ns. 
61, 92, 198, 300 ; ds. dryht- 
ne, 343> 347 5 lord, king, ns. 
21. 

dryhtguma, sm., retainer, vas- 
sal, ap. dryhtguman, 29. 



48 



<£>los#ari? 



duguS, sf., nobility, host, as. 

dugufte, 31 ; gp. dugefta, 61. 
durran, prp., dare, pret. 3d 

sing, dorste, 258. 
dynian, w2., vociferate, pret. 

3d sing, dynede, 23 ; clash, 

3d plur. dynedan, 204. 
dyre, adj., precious, valuable, 

apm. 319. 
Jdyrsian, w2., exalt, magnify, 

celebrate, pp. gedyrsod, 300. 

E. 
eac, adv., also, 18, 296, 338, 

344, 349- 
Sad, n., prosperity, success, gs. 

eades, 273. 
eadhreSig, adj., triumphant, 

npf. eadhreft^ge, 135. 
eadig, adj., blessed, asf. wk. 

ead(i)gan, 35. 
eald, adj., old, npm. ealde, 166; 

apm. ealde, 265 ; superl. 

yldesta : dpm. yldestan, 2425 

apm. yldestan, 10. 
ealdfeond, m., ancient foe, dp. 

ealdfeondum, 316. 
ealdgeniSla, m., ancient ene?ny, 

ap. ealdgeniftlan, 228. 
Jealdhettend, m., ancient ene- 
mies, ap. ealdhettende, 321. 
ealdor, m., prince, sovereign, 

ns. 38, 58, 88, 124. 



ealdor, n., life, age, ds. aldre, 
120, 348 j as. 185 } is. ealdre, 
76. 

ealdorduguS, f., nobility, lead- 
ers, gs. ealdorduguSe, 310. 

ealdorSegn, m., chief vassal 
or thane, dp. ealdorSegnum, 
242. 

eal(l), adj., all, nsf. eall, 3245 
gsn. ealles, 3425 dsn. eallum, 
1765 asm. ealne, 285 asf. 
ealle, 31, 237 $ asn. eal, 332, 
339 ; npm. ealle, 16, 253, 
269 ; gp. ealra, 81 ; dp. eal- 
lum, 8, 217 ; apm. ealle, 10. 

ealles, adv., quite, entirely, 108. 

eallgylden, adj., all-golden, 
nsn. 46. 

earn, m., eagle, ns. 210. 

eastan, ^v., from the east, 190. 

eaSe, adv. easily, superl. eaftost, 
72, 102. 

eaSmedu, f., reverence, dp. 
eaSmedum, 170. 

Ebreas, mpl., Hebrews, np. 
218 ; gp. Ebrea, 253, 262, 
299. 

Ebrisc, adj., Hebrew, npm. 
Ebrisce, 241, 306. 

ecg, f., edge, dp. ecgum, 231. 

fecgplega, m., svoord-play, 
battle, as. ecgplegan, 246. 

edwit, n., abuse, insolence, as. 
215. 



<ftlos&arp 



49 



^ft, adv., back, again, 146, 169. 

?gesa, m., terror, peril, ns. 
252. 

^gesful(l), adj., dreadful, terri- 
ble, nsm. egesful, 21, egesfull, 
257. 

^glan, wi., plague, harass, 
inf. 185. 

ehtan, wi., pursue, pret. 3d 
plur. ehton, 237. 

^llen, n., courage, is. elne, 95. 

ejlendsed, £., courageous deed, 
gp. ellendada, 273. 

^llenrof, adj., brave, of un- 
daunted courage, nsf. 109, 
146. 

J^llenSriste, adj., courageous, 
npf. 133. 

^llo.r, adv., elsewhither, 112. 

^lSeod, f., foreign people, gp. 
elfteoda, 237. 

$15eodig, *&}., foreign, gp. el- 
fteodigra, 215. 

^nde, m., end, as. 64 ; ds. 120, 
272, 346. 

eorl, m., man, hero, np. eorlas, 
2 73> 3375 gP- eorla, 21, 257. 

eornoste, adv., sharply, 'vehe- 
mently, 108, 231. 

eorSe, f., earth, ds. eorftan, 
65. 

eowan, wi., make knovon, re- 
veal, pret. 3d plur. eowdon, 
240. 



eower, poss. pron. your, npm. 

eow(e)re, 195. 
eSel, m., native land, home, ds. 

eftle, 169. 
eSelweard, m., guardian of 'his 

country, np. eSelweardas, 321. 

F. 

faeder, m., father, ns. 5. 
faige, did]., fated, death-doomed, 

npm. 19 j dpm. fagum, 2095 

apm. 195. 
faeger, adj., fair, beautiful, 

nsn. 47. 
faegre, adv., fairly, 301. 
faerspel, n., sudden {fearful) 

tidings, as. 244. 
fasste, adv., firmly, tightly, 99. 
faesten, n., fastness, ds. fass- 

tenne, 143. 
I faestengeat, n. , fortress-gate, 

gs. fasstengeates, 162. 
Jfjgtels, m., pouch, sack, ds. 

fetelse, 127. 
fag, adj., gleaming, blood- 
stained^), dsm. fagum, 104 5 

dp. fagum, 194, 264, 302. 
faran, vi., go, march, pret. 3d 

sing, for, 2985 3d plur. foron, 

202. 
feax, n., hair, ds. feaxe, 99 5 

as. 281. 
feohtan, in., fight, pret. 3d 



5o 



d5los#arp 



sing, feaht, 292 j 3d plur. 

fuhton, 262. 
feond, m. , foe, enemy, np. fynd, 

195 j ap. fynd, 320. 
feondsceaSa, m. enemy, as. 

feondsceaftan, 104. 
feorran, adv., from afar, 24. 
feorSa, adj., fourth, ism. feorft- 

an, 12. 
feran, wi., go, proceed, inf. 1 2. 
ferhSgleaw, adj., keen-twitted, 

sagacious, asf. ferh'Sgleaw, 

41. 
feUgan, viz., fetch, inf. 35. 
feSelast, m., track, course, ap. 

feftelaste, 139. 
findan, in., find, obtain, pret. 

3d sing, funde, 2, 278; 3d 

plur. fundon, 41. 
firas, mpl., men, gp. fira, 24, 

33- 

fla(n), f., arrow, gp. flana, 

221. 
fleam, m., flight, as. 292. 
fleogan, n., fly, pret. 3d sing. 

fleah, 209 ; inf. 221. 
Jfleohn^t, n., fly-net, curtain, 

ns. 47. 
fleon, ii., flee, pret. 3d plur. 

flugon. 
fl^tsittend, m., sitter in hall, 

dp. flgtsittendum, 19, 33. 
flor, f., floor, as. flore, in. 
folc, n., folk, people, nation, 



ns. 162, 262, 293 ; gs. 
folces, 12 ; ds. folce, 143, 
176. 

folcstede, m., folkstead, battle- 
ground, ds. 320. 

folctoga, m., leader of the peo- 
ple, commander, gs. folctog- 
an, 47 ; ap. folctogan, 194. 

folde, {., earth, ground, ds. 
foldan, 281. 

folm, f., hand, is. folme, 80 j 
ip. folmum, 99. 

fon, rd., reach forth, pret. 3d 
sing, feng, 300. 

for, prep. w. dat., before, 192. 

forbigan, wi., abase, pp. for- 
biged, 267. 

Jforceorfan, in., cut through, 
pret. 3d sing, forcearf, 105. 

fordrifan, 1., impel, pret. 3d 
sing, fordraf, 277. 

foregenga, m., attendant, ns. 
127. 

foremiere, adj., eminent, signal, 
asm. foremsrne, 122. 

forgifan, v., grant, 'vouchsafe, 
imp. sing, forgif, 88. 

forgildan, 111., requite, recom- 
pense, pp. forgolden, 217. 

forhtlice, adv., affrightedly, 
244. 

forlaetan, rd., let, pret. 3d plur. 
forleton, 170 $ inf. forlstan 
(Ms. forlfton), 150. 



<$lo$&an? 



51 



forleosan, 11., lose, inf. 63. 
forS, adv., forth, m, 120, 

I39, 202, 221. 

forSylman, wi., encompass, en- 
wrap, pp. forSylmed, 118. 

forweorSan, in., perish, inf. 
289. 

forwyrd, f,, destruction, as. 
285. 

fraetwan, w2., adorn, bedeck, 
pp. gefrastewod, 171, 329. 

frea, m., lord, ns. 301. 

fr^mian, wi., perform, accom- 
plish, pret. 3dplur. fremedon, 

freorig, adj., chill, shivering, 

nsm. 281. 
frofor, f. , comfort, joy, gs. frofre, 

83 j ds. frofre, 297. 
frqmlice, adv. , promptly, 

bravely, 41, 220, 302. 
frumgar, m., primipile, captain, 

chief, ap. frumgaras, 195. 
frymS(u), f., (plur.) creation, 

gp. frymtfa, 5, 83, 189. 
fugel, m., bird, ns. 207 j dp. 

fuglum, 297. 
ful, adj., foul, loathsome, nsm. 

wk. fula, in. 
full, adj.,/#//, apm. fulle, 19. 
fultum, m., help, aid, as. 186, 

301. 
fyllan, wi.,/// up, serve voith 

wine, inf. (Ms. fylgan), 33. 



fyllan, wi., fell, slay, inf. 194. 
fyllo, f., fill, feast, gs. fylle, 

209. 
fyrdwic, n., (plur.) camp, dp. 

fyrdwlcum, 220. 
fyrngeflit, n., ancient quarrel, 

ap. fyrngeflitu, 264. 
fyrst, m., period, space, as. 

3*5- 
fysan, wi. reflex., hasten, opt. 

pres. 2d plur. 189. 



gaest, m., spirit, life, ns. 83, 

112 5 gs. gsstes, 279. 
JgalferhS, adj., lascivious, 

voanton, nsm. 62. 
Jgalm5d, adj., lascivious, vjan- 

ton, nsm. wk. galmoda, 256. 
gan, anv., go, pret. 3d plur. 

eodon, 15, 55, 132, 243 j 

inf. 149. 
gangan, rd., go, inf. [62]. 
gar, m., spear, javelin, ap. 

garas, 224. 
gargewinn, n., battle, gs. gar- 

gewinnes, 308. 
ge, conj., and, 166. 
JgearoSqncol, adj., ready- 

voitted, dsf. gearoftoncolre, 

34*- 
gearwe, adv., truly, completely, 
2. 



52 



<&\Q8my 



gearwian, W2., prepare, pp. 
gegearewod, 199. 

geat, n., gate, as. 151. 

gebxran, wi., 'vociferate, shout 
aloud, opt. pret. 3d plur. ge- 
bsrdon, 27. 

gebringan, wi., bring, con- 
duct, carry, pret. 3d sing, ge- 
br5hte, 125 ; 3d plur. gebroht- 
on> 54 5 PP- gebr5ht, 57. 

gecost, adj., tried, trusty, npn. 
gecoste, 231. 

gecunnian, W2., investigate, 
inquire, inf. 259. 

gefeallan, rd., y^//, pret. 3d 
sing, gefeol, 67, gefeoll, 280, 
308. 

gefeoht, n., battle, ds. gefeohte, 
189, 202. 

gefeohtan (see feohtan), in., 
'win, pp. gefohten, 122. 

gefeon, v. w. gen., rejoice, pret. 
3d sing, gefeah, 205. 

gefremian, wi., effect, perpe- 
trate, pret. 3d sing, gefrem- 
ede, 6, 181. 

gefrignan, in., hear, learn, 
pret. 1 st sing, gefrasgn, 246 j 
gefraegen, 7. 

gefriSian, W2., shield, defend, 
opt. pret. 3d sing, gefriftode, 

5- 
gegangan (gegan), anv., go, 
<win, pret. 3d plur. geeodon, 



3325 inf. 54; pp. gegan, 

140, 219. 
gSgnum, adv., straight, direct- 
ly, 132. 
geheawan, rd., cut down, slay, 

inf. 90 j pp. geheawen, 289, 

295. 
gehwa, pron., each one, as. ge- 

hwsene, 186. 
gehwylc, pron., each, all, gsn. 

gehwylces, 32 ; asm. gehwylc- 

ne, 95. 
gehyran, wi., hear, pret. 3d 

plur. gehyrdon, 160 ; inf. 24. 
gelSafa, m., belief, faith, ds. 

geleafan, 975 as. geleafan, 6, 

89» 345- 
gelome, adv., repeatedly, 18. 
gelystan, wi., impers. w. ace. 

of pers. and gen. of thing, 

desire, pret. 3d sing, gelyste, 

307. 
gemang, m., troop, phalanx, 

as. 225, gemgng, 193, 304. 
gemyndig, adj., mindful, nsf. 

74- 

geneahhe, adv., urgently, fre- 
quently, 26. 

geniman, iv., take, lay hold 
of, pret. 3d sing, genam, 77, 
98. 

geomor, adj., downcast, de- 
spondent, nsm. 87. 

geomormod, adj., depressed in 



<$\o$8m 



53 



spirit, sad, dsn. geomormod- 

um, 144. 
geond, prep. w. ace, through- 
out, 156. 
geong, adj., young, npm. 

geonge, 166 ; comp. gingra : 

dsf. gingran (handmaid), 132. 
georn, adj., eager, nsm. 210. 
georne, adv., eagerly, 8. 
gerenian, W2., adorn, infl. pp. 

gerenode, 339. 
geriht, n., direct <zvay, ds. ge- 

rihte, 202. 
gescyppan, vi., create, pret. 

3d sing, gesceop, 348. 
gesecan, wi., 'visit, pret. 3d 

sing, gesohte, 14. 
geseon, v., see, inf. 136. 
gesiS, .m., companion, np. ge- 

srSas, 201. 
geslean, vi., smite, infl. pp. 

geslegene, 31. 
gesne, adj., dead, nsm., 112 ; 

deprived, asm. 279. 
gespowan, rd. impers. w. dat., 

succeed, pret. 3d sing, ge- 

speow, 175. 
gestyran, wi. w. dat. of pers. 

and gen. of thing, prevent, 

pret. 3d sing, gestyrde, 60. 
gesynto, f., salvation, gp. ge- 

synta, 90. 
geSafian, W2., allow, supply, 

inf. 60. 



•geSonc, m., thought, mind, ds. 

geftonce, 13. 
ge6ungen, adj. (pp. of $eon), 

accomplished, proficient, 129. 
geunnan, prp. w. dat. of pers. 

and gen. of thing, grant, imp. 

sing, geunne, 90. 
gewealdan, rd. w. gen., wield, 

manage, inf. 103. 
gewitan, 1., depart, pret. 3d 

sing, gewat, 61, 145 j 3d 

plur. (w. refl. dat.) gewitan, 

291. 
gewitloca, m., mind, ds. ge- 

witlocan, 69. 
gewrecan, v., avenge, imp. 

sing, gewrec, 92. 
gifan, v., give, pret. 3d sing. 

geaf, 343- 
gifeSe, adj., granted, nsm. 

!57. 
gifu, f., gift, benefit, gp. gifena, 

1. 
gildan, iv., requite, pret. 3d 

plur. guidon, 263. 
ginn, adj., spacious, ample, dsf. 

wk. ginnan, 149 j ism. wk. 

ginnan, 2. 
girwan, wi., provide, inf. 9. 
glaedmod, adj., glad of heart, 

npf. glaedmode, 140. 
gleaw, adj., prudent, nvise, nsf. 

13 ; nsf. wk. gleawe, 171; 

asf. gleawe, 334. 



54 



<ftlos#arp 



gleawhydig, adj. , sagacious, 

prudent, nsn. 148. 
God, m., God, ns. 83, 123, 183, 

189, 3005 gs. Godes, 186; 

is. Gode, 271. 
god, n., good, gp. goda, 32. 
gold, n., gold, is. golde, 171, 

3 2 9> 339- 
goldgifa, m., gold-giver, bene- 
factor (king), as. goldgifan, 

279. 
goldwine, m., gold-friend 

{king), ns. 22. 
gram, 2.6.]., fierce, raging, npm. 

grame, 224, 238. 
gremian, wi., enrage, infl. pp. 

gegremede, 306. 
greot, n., dust, as. 308. 
gristbitian, W2., gnash the 

teeth, inf. 271. 
grund, m., earth, is. grunde, 

2 } region, ap. grundas, 349. 
guma, m., man, hero, np. gum- 

an, 306 j gp. gumena, 9, 22, 

32, 62, 66, 91, 148, 186, 

3 2 9- 

guS, m., war, ds. gu'Se, 1235 
is. gufte, 306. 

JguSfana, m., gonfalon, stand- 
ard, dp. guftfanum, 219. 

guSfreca, m., warrior, np. 
giVSfrecan, 224. 

JguSsceorp, n., war-trappings, 
as. 329. 



tgylian, wi., yell, ind. pret. 
3d sing, gylede, 25. 

gyrnan, wi., yearn for, pret. 
3d sing, gyrnde, 347. 

Igystern, n., guest-hall, ds. 
gy sterne, 40. 

gyt, adv., yet, 107, 182. 

tgytessel, m.,joy at wine-pour- 
ing, dp. gytesalum, 22. 

H. 

habban, W3. (always followed 

by past part.), have, 3d sing. 

hafaft, 197 5 pret. 3d sing. 

haefde, 64, 122, 260 ; 3d 

plur. haefdon, 140, 219, 319. 
hseftan, wi., bind, imprison, 

pp. gehaefted, 116. 
haeleS, m., man, hero, np. 56, 

177, 203, 225, 3035 gp. 

haeleSa, 51 ; ap. 247. 
hseste, adv. {Ms. haefte), fierce- 
ly, stoutly, 263. 
haeSen, adj., heathen, gsm. 

haj'S(e)nes, 179; asm. wk. 

hs'S(e)nan, 98, no j gp. hS'S- 

enra, 216. 
halig,adj.,^o/y,nsf. wk. hal(i)ge, 

56, 160; dsf. haligre, 985 dsf. 

wk. hal(i)gan, 203 jasf. halgan, 

260. 
ham, m., home, dwelling, ds. 



(Slogan? 



55 



ham, adv., home, 131. 

hand, f., hand, as. 198, hond, 

130. 
har, adj., hoary, gray, apf. 

hare, 328. 
hatan, rd., command, pret. 3d 

sing, het, 9, 32, 34, 147, 

171 j opt. pret. 3d sing, hete, 

53- 

hate, adv., hotly, 94. 

he, pers. pron., he, ns. 4, 60, 63, 
65,66,6s, 95, 106, 117, 118, 
184, 276, 280; nsf. heo, 2, 6, 
75, 102, 105, 145, 345, 347} 
gs. his(asposs. pron.), 16, 31, 
36, 63 (2), 64, 68, 279, 281, 
282, 350 j gs. hyre (as poss. 
pron.), 127, i72}ds. him, 53, 
60, 96, 106, no, 183, 185; 
ds. hyre, 5,97, 99, 123, 124, 
130, 149, 175, 335, 343 ; as. 
hyne, 13, 44, 96, 99, 277 ; 
as. hie, 4, 1 7 o ; hi, 94, 1 5 o ; as. 
hit, 1305 hyt, 1745 np. hie, 
10, i5> J 9, 3°, 3 1 , 37, 40, 
54, 134, i3 6 , !3 8 , '4o> J 68, 
235, 2 4i, 3 22 » hT » 2 7, 160, 
269, 290, 302, 335, 341; gp. 
heora (as poss. pron.), 38, 56 ; 
hyra, 128 (as poss. pron.) 251, 
264, 268, 272,291, 316, hira, 
274; dp. him, 38, 208, 209, 
216,240, 244,252, 274, 291, 
292, 298, 300, 323. 



heafod, n., head, ns. noj as. 

126, 173, 179. 
theafodgerim, n., number by 

heads, gs. heafodgerlmes, 309. 
heafodweard, m., chief guar- 
dian, np. heafodweardas, 239. 
hean, adj., high, dsn. wk. hean, 

43; asm. heanne, 161 j superl. 

hehsta, nsm., 94, hyhsta, 3095 

gsm. hehstan, 4 (2). 
healdan, rd., hold, keep, pret. 

3d plur. heoldon, 142. 
healdend, m., keeper, leader, 

ns. 290. 
healf, adj., half, asm. healfne, 

105. 
hean, adj., lovoly, servile, oflonv 

degree , asm. heanne, 234. 
heap, m., crovud, swarm, dp. 

heapum, 163. 
heard, adj., hard, brave, asm. 

heardne, 79; sharp, dp. heard- 

um, 263; gp. heardra, 225. 
hearde, adv., painfully, griev- 
ously, 116, 216. 
hearra,m., lord, ds. hearran,56. 
heaSorinc, m. vuarrior, gs. 

heaftorinces, 179; np. heafto- 

rincas, 212. 
heawan, rd. hew, cleave, pret. 

3d plur. heowon, 304. 
fh^Uebryne, m., hell-fire, ds. 

116. 
helm, m., helmet, as. 338; ap. 



56 



<£los#ars 



helmas, 193, 318, 328; dp. 

helmum, 203. 
help, f., help, ds. helpe, 96. 
heofon, m., heaven, dp. heofon- 

um, 344. 
Jheolfrig, adj., gory, asn. 130, 

3i7- 
Jheolstor, adj., dusky, darksome, 

dsm. wk. heolstran, 121. 
heorte, £., heart, ns. 87. 
Jheoruwaepen, n., sword, dp. 

heoruwaipnum, 263. 
her, adv., here, 177, 285, 289. 
herbuend, m., here - dweller, 

dweller on earth, gp. herbu- 

endra, 96. 
heje, m., army, host, ns. 161 ; gs. 

heriges, 294 ; ds. herige, 135. 
Jh^refolc, n.,army, gs. herefolc- 

es, 234, 239. 
h^rpaS, m., war-path, passage 

for the army, road, as. 303. 
h^rereaf, n., plunder, spoil, as. 

3i7- _ 
fh^rewaeSa, m., warrior, gs. 

h?rew£'San, 126, 173. 
Jh^teScgncol, adj., hostile, as. 

heteftoncolne, 105. 
hige, m., soul, ns. 87. 
higerof, adj., valiant, npm. 

higerofe, 303. 
higeScjncol, adj., thoughtful, 

wise, dsf. higeftoncolre, 131. 
hild, f., conflict, battle, as. hilde 



(Mr. hyldo), 251; is. hilde, 

294. 
JhildeleoS, n., battle-song, as. 

21 1. 
hildenadre, f., battle-adder, ar- 
row, ap. hildensdran, 222. 
hinsiS, m., departure, death, ds. 

hinsrSe, 117. 
hlaestan, wi., lade, infl. pp. ge- 

hlaeste, 36. 
hlaford, m., lord, ds. hlaforde, 

251. 
hlanc, adj., lank, nsm. wk. 

hlanca, 205. 
hlihhan, vi., laugh, pret. 3d 

sing, hloh, 23. 
hlimman, in., resound, pret. 

3d plur. hlummon, 205. 
hlude, adv., loudly, 205, 223, 

270. 
hlydan, wi., roar, pret. 3d 

sing, hlydde, 23. 
hlynian, wi., clamor, pret. 

3d sing, hlynede, 23. 
hogian, W2., have in mind, 

plan, pret. 3d plur. hogedon, 

250, 273. 
Holofernus, pr. n., ns. 21, 46 ; 

gs. 180, 250 ; Holofernes, 

337 5 as. 7. 
h9nd, see hand, 
hopian, W2., hope, inf. 117. 
hornboga, m., bow of horn, dp. 

hornbogan, 222. 



d5los#at£ 



57 



hosp, m., reproach, abuse, as. 

216. 
hraegl, n., raiment, as. 282. 
hrsew, n., corpse, ap. 314. 
hraSe, adv., speedily, 37. 
hrefn, m., raven, ns. 206. 
hreoh, adj., furious, raging, 

nsm. 282. 
hreoSan, 11., adorn, infl. pp. ge- 

hrodene, 37. 
hreowigmSd, adj., sad of soul, 

npm. hreowigmode, 290. 
hreSer, m. (?), breast, ds. hrcSre, 

94. 
hring, m., ring, dp. hringum, 

37- 
hrof, n., roof, ds. hrofe, 67. 
hu, adv., /fow, 25, 75, 160, 175, 

259. 
hund, m., dog, hound, as. no. 
hupseax, n., dagger, short 

sword, ap. 328. 
hum, adv., at all, in the least, 

346. 
hwa, pron., some one, asm. 

hwaene, 52. 
Jhwealf, adj., vaulted, hollow, 

dpf. hwealfum, 214. 
hwearf, m., crowd, dp. hwearf- 

um, 249. 
hweorfan, m., depart, flee, 

pret. 3d sing, hwearf, 112. 
hwil, f., while, time, as. hwlle, 

214. 



hyht, f., hope, confidence, ns. 

97- 
Jhyhtwyn(n), f., joy of hope, 

gp. hyhtwynna, 121. 
hyldo, f., grace, favor, gs. 

hyldo, 4. 
hyrde, m., shepherd, guardian, 

ns. 60. 
hyrnedn^b(b), adj., horny- 
beaked, nsm. wk. hyrned- 

nebba, 212. 
hyrst, f., ornament, ap. hyrsta, 

317. 

I. 

ic, pron., J, ns. 7, 83, 89, 91, 
152, 185, 186, 246,- ds. me, 
85, 86, 88, 90, 93 j np. we, 
[288] } gp. iire, 285, 290 j 
dp. us, 181, 184. 

ides, f., woman, ns. 14, 109, 
128, 146; ds. idese, 3415 as. 
idese, 55, 58; np. idesa, 133. 

in, prep. w. dat. or instr., in, 2, 
116, 121, 143,206,255, 345j 
w. ace, into, 193, 276. 

in, adv., in, 150, 170. 

inn, n., chamber, ds. inne, 70. 

inne, adv., in, 45. 

inwid, adj. wicked, malign, nsm. 
wk. inwidda, 28. 

irnan, in., run, pret. 3d plur. 
urnon, 164. 

Iudith, pr. n., n. 13, 123, 132, 



58 



<$io#my 



1 68, 256,342, Iudith(e), 1445 
g. Iudithe, 334} a. ludithe 
(Mr. IudithSe), 40. 

L. 

lsedan, wi., lead, bring, pret. 

3d sing, lsdde, 129} 3d plur. 

lieddon, 72, 3265 inf. 42. 
laetan, rd., let, pret. 3d plur. 

leton, 221. 
lseSSu, f., affliction, gp. lsftfta, 

158; dp. lseftftum, 184. 
landbuend, m., land-dweller, 

native, np. landbuende, 226 $ 

dp. londbiiendum, 315. 
lang, adj., long, comp. lengra : 

gsn. lengran, 184. 
lange, adv., long, 158, 3475 

comp. leng, 153. 
lar, {., counsel, guidance, as. 

lare, 334. 
last, m., track, footprint, as. 

209, 292 } ds. laste, 298. 
late, adv., late, 275. 
Ia5, adj., hostile, hateful, nsm. 

45; dsn. laftum, 226} asm. 

laSne, 72, 1015 gsn. wk. laft- 

an > 3 1 1 5 gP- la"Sra, 298, 304; 

superl. (in predicate) laSost, 

323; gsm. laSestan, 178} dpm. 

la'Sestan, 315. 
lean, n., reward, gs. leanes, 

347- 



Jleap, m., trunk, ns. 111. 

leas, adj. w. gen., without, de- 
prived of, nsm. 1 a 1. 

leode, mpl., people, gp. leoda, 
178; dp. leodum, 147. 

leodhata, m., people-hater, ty- 
rant, as. leodhatan, 72. 

leof, adj., dear, beloved, nsf. 
147; dsm. wk. leofan, 347. 

leoht, adj., bright, radiant, asm. 
leohtne, 191. 

leoma, m., light, as. leoman, 
191. 

libban, W3., live, pret. 3d plur. 
lyfdon, 297. 

licgan, v., lie, 3d sing, lift, 289} 
pret. 3d sing, laeg, 106, 111, 
294} 3d plur. lagon, 30 $ inf. 
278. 

lif, n., life, gs. lifes, 184, 280 j 
ds. life, [288]. 332. 

lind, f., linden-shield, shield, 
dp. lindum, 2145 ap. linde, 
191, 304. 

lindwiggend, m., warrior, np. 
lindwiggende, 42 ; gp. lind- 
[wiggendra], 298. 

list, m., skill, dp. listum (adv.), 
101. 

lond-, see land-. 

losian, W2., lose, be lost, inf. 
288. 

lungre, adv., forthwith, instant- 
ly, 147, 280. 



<0lo0gar£ 



59 



lust, m., joy, dp. lustum, 161. 
lyft, f., air, ap. lyfte, 348. 
lythwon, n. w. gen., few, 311. 

M. 

maegen, n., force, armed force, 

ns. 253, 261. 
maegeneacen,adj., abundant in 

might, powerful, nsn. 293. 
maegS, {., maid, maiden, ns. 

78, 125, 145, 254; gs. 335 5 as. 

_35> 43> l6 5> 26 ° 5 n P- J 35- 
maegS, f., tribe, nation, gp. 

maig'Sa, 325. 
mare, adj., renowned, splendid, 

dsm. wk. maeran, 3 ; comp. 

gp. maerra, 330; superl. maer- 

ost, nsf. 325. 
malrSu, f., glory, as. maerSe, 

344- 

maest, see micel. 

magan, prp., can, 1st sing, 
maeg, 152; 2d plur. magon, 
177 ; pret. 3d sing, mihte, 
102; 3d plur. mihton, 235 ; 
opt. pres. 3d sing, maege, 331; 
pret. 3d sing, mihtej 49, 75 ; 
3d plur. mihten, 24, 136. 

magoSegn, m. clansman, hench- 
man, np. magoftegnas, 236. 

man, m., man, one, ns. mon, 
292, 330 j ds. men, 167 j gp. 
monna, 52, 181, manna, 235. 



manian, W2., admonish, exhort, 
pret. 3d sing, manode, 26. 

manna, m., man, as. mannan, 
98, 101. 

ma5m (madm), m., treasure, 
jewel, gp. maftma, 341, mad- 
ma > 33°; a P« madmas, 319. 

mece, m., sword, ds. mece, 1045 
as. 78. 

med, f., meed, reward, ds. mede, 
335 5 as. mede, 344. 

fmedowerig, adj. , mead-weary, 
drunken with mead, apm. 
medowerige, 229 5 dp. med- 
owerigum, 245. 

medoburg, f., mead-city, festive 
city, ds. medobyrig, 167. 

medugal, adj., wanton with 
mead, nsf. 26. 

meowle, f., virgin, woman, ns. 
56 5 as. meowlan, 261. 

metod, m., creator, ordainer, ns. 
I 54> S s - metodes, 261. . 

micel, adj., much, great, ip. 
miclum, 10, 70; comp. mara: 
asf. maran, 92 ; superl. maest : 
aj. nsm. wk. miesta, 293 j 
asf. maeste, 3 ; sn. as. maest, 
181 } adv. maest, 181. 

mid, prep. w. dat. orinst., with, 
*9> 59 ( 2 )> 88 > 8 9> 95> 97 
(2), 170, i 8 4, 2 72, 287. 

mihtig, adj., mighty, nsm. 92, 
198. 



6o 



<£lo$#ars 



milts, f., grace, favor, gs. 
miltse, 85, 92 j as. miltse, 

35°. 
min, pron., my, dsm. minum, 94; 

asf. mine, 198 ; gp. minra, 

90. 
m5d, m., mood, heart, soul, ns. 

167 j ds. mode, 57, 93, 97, 

154, 282. 
modig, adj., excited, courageous, 

proud, nsm. 26 5 nsm. wk. 

mod(i)ga, 52 ; gsf. m5digre, 

335- 
molde, f., earth, gs. moldan, 

344- 
monaS, m., month, gs. m5n^es, 

3*5- 

m9n, see man. 

Jmorgencolla, m., morning ter- 
ror, as. morgencollan, 245. 

morgentid, f., morning, as. 
236. 

morSor, n., iniquity, torment, 
gs. morSres, 90 j gp. morSra, 
181. 

motan, prp., may, pret. 3d sing. 
m5ste, 1855 opt. pres. 1 st 
sing. m5te, 89 ; 3d sing, mote, 
118. 

mund, f. hand, ip. mundum, 
229. 

mundbyrd, f., protection, as. 

3- 
murnan, in., mourn, inf. 154. 



myntan, wi., suppose, pret. 3d 
plur. mynton, 253. 

N. 

naSfre, adv., never, 91. 
nsenig, pron. as subst., no one, 

nsm. 51. 
naes, m., steep, precipice, chasm, 

as. 113. 
nama, m., name, ds. naman, 81. 
nan, pron. as subst., no, no one, 

nsm. 257 j asm. nanne, 68, 

*33- 
ne, adv., not, 20, 59, 117, 153, 

183, 233, 274, 346. 
ne, conj., nor, 234. 
neah, adv., near, 287 j comp. 

near, 5 3 j superl. nehsta, which 

see. 
nealjjecan, wi., approach, pret. 

3d sing. nealShte, 34, 261. 
nehsta, adj., last, dsm. nehstan, 

73- 
nejnnan, wi., name, call, inf. 

8l - 
neosan, wi., visit, inf. 63. 

neowol,adj.,/>ro/o««^, abysmal, , 

asm. neowelne, 113. 
ne/gend, m., savior, ns. 815 gs. 

nergendes, 73 ; ds. nergende, 

45- 
nest, n., provisions, food, as. 
128. 



^lostfarp 



61 



neSan, wi., 'venture, pret. 3d 

sing, neftde, 277. 
niht, f., night, ns. 34 ; ds. 

nihte, 64 ; gs. (as adv. ) nihtes, 

45- 

niman, iv., capture, infl. inf. 
to nimanne, 314. 

ni5, m., war, is. nlfte, 53 ; in- 
iquity, gp. nrSa, 34 ; tribula- 
tion, dp. nlftum, 287. 

niSheard, adj., daring, undaunt- 
ed, nsm. 277, 

niShycgend, m., evil-schemer, 
ap. nifthycgende, 233. 

niwian, W2., renew, reanimate, 
pp. geniwod, 98. 

no, adv., not at all, 117. 

nu, adv., novo, 92, 186, [287]. 

nu 5a, adv., novo, 86. 

nyd, f., need, ns. 277. 

nymSe, conj., unless, 52. 

nyste, see witan. 

nySerian, w2., humble, put 
to shame, pp. genyfterad, 
"3- 



of, prep. w. dat., of, 70, 135 ; 

/row, 79, 119, 149, 203, 

222, 230, 356. 
ofdune, adv., down, 291. 
ofer, prep. w. ace., over, 28, 

161. 



ofercuman, iv., overcome, inf. 

2 35- 
toferdr^ncan, wi., intoxicate, 

inebriate, pret. 3d sing, ofer- 

drencte, 31. 
oferwinnan, in., conquer, pp. 

oferwunnen, 320. 
ofost, f., haste, ip. ofstum, 10, 

35, 7o. 

ofostlice, adv., quickly, forth- 
with, 150, 169. 

on, prep. w. dat., in, 5, 13, 22, 
30, 57, 66, 69, 93, 94, 97, 
106, 127, 154, 161, 167, 202, 
278, 322, 333 (Ms. and), 
344 5 on, 65, 282, 295, 298, 
320 ; into, 57 ; upon, of, 2095 
from, 315 ; w. ace., on, 50, 
51, in, 145, 178,209, 292, 
301,307, (to?) 308, 3i3}/or, 
445 t<>> 54, (= as) 301 j in, 
130, (by?) 266, 292 j at, 
204, 236, 307. 

on, adv., in, 129. 

onbryrdan, wi., inspire, pret. 
3d sing, onbryrde, 95. 

onettan, wi., hasten, hurry, 
pret. 3d sing, onette, 162; 3d 
plur. onettan, 139. 

ongean, prep. w. ace, toward, 
165. 

onginnan, in., begin, pret. 3d 
sing, ongan, 80, 281 j 3d 
plur. ongunnon, 42, 270. 



62 



tilogtfarg 



ongitan, v., perceive, learn, 

pret. 3d plur. ongeaton, 168, 

238. 
onhiStan, wi.,/w, enkindle, pp. 

onhaited, 87. 
oninnan, prep. w. ace, into, 

among, 313. 
onleon, 1., w. dat. of pers. and 

gen. of thing, 'vouchsafe, 

grant, pret. 3d sing, onleah, 

124. 
onmiddan, prep. w. dat., amid, 

upon, on . . . middan, 68. 
onwaecnan, vi., aivake, opt. 

pret. 3d sing, onwoce, 77. 
JonwriSan, 1., uncover, disclose, 

inf. 173. 
ore, m., pitcher, flagon, np. orc- 

as, 18. 
oretmaecg, m., warrior, ap. 

oretmaecgas, 232. 
orfeorme, adj., w. inst., de- 
prived of, npm. 271. 
orsawle, adj., lifeless, nsm. 

108. 
o5, conj., until, 140, 293. 
oSer, adj., other, asf. 6'Sre, 109. 
oSSaet, conj., until, oftbast, 30, 

33> 134, 238. 
oS5e, conj., or, 259, 340. 
oSSringan, in., w. dat. of pers. 

and ace. of thing, wrest away, 

deprive, pret. 1st sing, oft- 

brong, 185. 



R. 

rsed, m., sense, gp. rseda, 68} 

good counsel, ds. riede, 97. 
raefnan, wi., perform, pret. 

3d plur. raefndon, 11. 
rseswa, m., chief, leader, np. 

rseswan, 12, 178. 
randwiggend, m., warrior, 

gp. randwiggendra,* 188 ; np. 

rondwiggende, 11, 20. 
read, adj., red, dsn. readum, 

339- 
recene, adv., immediately, 188. 
reocan, n., reek, infl. pres. part. 

reocende, 314. 
re^st, f., couch, bed, ds. reste, 

68 $ as. reste, 54. 
re;stan, wi., rest, pret. 3d sing. 

reste, 44 ; 3d plur. reston, 

322. 
re5e, adj., raging, rude, savage, 

apm. 349. 
rice, adj., powerful, nsm. wk. 

rica, 20, 44, 68 ; dsm. 

wk. rican, 11 ; asm. noble, 

234. 
rice, n., kingdom, ds. 344. 
riht, adj., right, true, dsm. 

rihte, 97. 
rinc, m., warrior, man, gp. 

rinca, 54, 339. 
rodor, m., heaven, dp. roder- 

um, 5 j ap. roderas, 349. 



ffilossatTJ 



63 



rof, adj., 'vigorous, valiant, 
npm. rofe, 205 gp. rofra, 

53- 
rtjndwiggend, see randwiggend. 
rum, adj., spacious, apm. rume, 

349- 
rum, n., room, opportunity, ns. 

3 J 4- 
rume, adv., spaciously, 97. 
run, f., council, ds. rune, 54. 



sacu, f., strife, battle, ds. sascce, 

289. 
szegan, wi., lay lovo, pp. ge- 

ssged, 294. 
saelan, wi., bind, pp. gesseled, 

114. 
salowigpad, adj., dark-coated, 

nsm. wk. salowigpada, 211. 
Sar, adj., grievous, sore, gp. 

sarra, 183. 
sceacan, vi., hasten, inf. 292. 
scealc, m., man, np. scealcas, 

230. 
scearp, adj., sharp, asm. 

scearpne, 78. 
sceaS, f., sheath, ds. sceafte, 

79 ; dp. sceaftum, 230. 
sceaSa, m., enemy, gp. sceaft- 

ena, 193. 
sceotend, m., shooter, fighter, 

np., 305. 



sceran, iv., cut, cleave, pret. 

3d plur. scieron, 305. 
scild, m., shield, np. scildas, 

204. 
scildburh, f., testudo, roof of 

shields, shield-roofed phalanx, 

as. 305. 
scir, adj., bright, gleaming, 

apm. scire, 193. 
tscirmseled, adj., splendidly 

marked, splendidly decorated, 

apn. 230. 
sculan, prp., shall, be about to, 

3d sing, sceal, 119 ; 1st plur. 

sculon, 288 ; pret. 3d sing. 

sceolde, 63. 
scur, m., storm of battle, dp. 

scurum, 79 ; shower, ap. 

sciiras, 221. 
scyne, adj., beautiful, apf. 317. 
scyppend, m., creator, gs. 

scyppendes, 78. 
se, dem. pron. and def. art., 

that, the, nsm. 9, 20, 25, 28, 

32, 44, 48, 52, 6i, 68, 76, 

94, in, 205, 206, 252, 254, 

256, ^93> 3°9> 3395 n sf- seo, 
34, 56, 125, 160, 171, 176, 
^54, 256, 324; nsn. )>aet, 
12, no, 155, 216; gsm. 
^aes, 102, 151, 178 ; J?aes, 4 
(2), 47, 126, 172, 248, 2945 
gsf. >aere, 137 5 gsn. Saes, 5, 
20, 239; (=for that), 342, 



6 4 



<$\o#$m 



347 j J?ass, 60, 162, 205, 
2345 dsm. "Sam, 3, 7, 11, 
119, iai, 127, 135, 217, 
2 95> 3*5* 3 2 °> 34-6, 347 ; 
J>am, 346 j dsf. Sagre, 149, 
167, 203, 327, 341 ; \>xre, 
2865 dsn. 'Sam, 15, 40, 70, 
141, 143 (2), 152, 255, 266, 
*7S> 3365 >am, 43, 176 j 
asm. "Sone, 71, 258, 259 ; 
J>one, 75, 98, 100, 104, 106, 
no 5 asf. "oa, 55, 58, in, 
165, 236, 260, 307 ; >a, 35, 
43 j asn. ftaet, 10, 2045 >aet, 
*9> 2 4> 59, 82, 151, 182, 
241, 276, 283, 341 5 ism. >y, 
12; isn. )>e, 53 ; >on, 92 5 np. 
$a, 208, 236, 332; J>a, 133 ; 
gp. J>ara, 158, 276 $ ap. Sam, 
9, 220, 283 j J>am, 175, 242 j 
ap. Sa, 10. 
se, rel. pron., that, asn. J?aet, 

33 2 > 339- 
searoSqncol, adj., discerning, 

sagacious, nsf. 145 5 gp. 

searoftoncelra, 331. 
secan, wi., seek, 3d sing. seceS, 

96. 
S§cg, m., man, hero, np. secgas, 

201. 
s^cgan, W3., tell, ascribe, pret. 

3d sing, ssegde, 342 j inf. 

152. 
S^ndan, wi., send, pret. 3d 



sing, (or opt. pres. 3d sing.) 
sende, 190 j 3d plur. send on, 
224. 

se Se, rel. pron., that, gsn. )>aes 
"Se ( = since), 13; ( = be- 
cause), 345 ; npm. "SaSe, 238, 
297 ; t>a$e, 214, 323. 

sid, adj., roomy, ample, apf. 
side, 338. 

sigefolc, n., victorious people, 
ds. sigefolce, 152. 

sigerof, adj., earnest for victory, 
valorous, np. sigerof e, 177. 

sigeSuf, m., triumphal banner, 
ap. [sige]'Sufas, 201. 

sigew9ng, m., field of victory, 
ds. sigewonge, 295. 

sigor, m., victory, triumph, gs. 
sigores, 124 j as. 89 ; is. 
< sigor (e), 299. 

sigorlean, n., revoard of vic- 
tory, as. 345. 

Sin, pron., his, her, dsf. sinre, 
132 5 dsn. sinum, 99 ; apm. 
sine, 29. 

sine, m., treasure, riches, gs. 
sinces, 30, 340. 

singan, in., sing, pret. 3d sing, 
sang, 211. 

sittan, v., sit, inf. 15; pret. 3d 
plur. sieton, 141; opt. pret. 
3d sing, saste, 252. 

si5, m., journey, time, as. 1455 
is. sifte, 73, 109. 



©lossart 



65 



SiS, adv., tardily , 275. 
SiSfaet, n., journey, ds. stSfate, 

slaep, m., sleep, is. slaspe, 247. 

slean, vi., smite, strike, pret. 
3d sing, sloh, 103, 1085 strike 
down, slay, pret. 3d plur. 
slogon, 231. 

fsl^gefaege, adj., doomed to per- 
ish, apm. 247. 

snel(l), adj., active, swift-mow- 
ing, gp- snelra, 199. 

snotor, adj., prudent, wise, nsf. 
wk. snotere, 1255 asf. wk. 
snoteran, 55. 

snude, adv., quickly, 55, 125, 
199. 

scjmod, adv., together, 163, 269, 
282,288. 

sorg, f., sorrow, distress, gp. 
sorga, 182; dp. sorgum, 88. 

So5, adj., true, asm. softne, 89, 

345- 
sparian, W2., spare, pret. 3d 

plur. sparedon, 233. 
spowan, rd. impers. w. dat., 

succeed, pret. 3d sing, speow, 
\ 274. 
sprecan, v., speak, pret. 3d 

sing, spraec, 160, 176. 
standan, vi., stand, pret. 3d 

plur. stodon, 267. 
starian, W2. ,gaze, inf. staria[n], 

179. 



steap, adj., deep, npm. steape, 

17- 
Jste^deheard, did]., firm, strong, 

apm. stedehearde, 223. 
st^ppan, vi., step, march, pret. 

3d plur. stopon, 39, 69, 200, 

212, 227. 
ste/cedferhS, adj., resolute, 

stout-hearted, npm. sterced- 

ferlvSe, 55, stercedferh'Se, 227. 
stiSmod, adj., stern, fierce, nsm. 

wk. stiftmoda, 25. 
strael, m., arrow, ap. striielas, 

223. 
stream, m., stream, water; 

(plur.) sea, ap. streamas, 

349- 
styrman, wi., storm, pret. 3d 

sing, styrmde, 25 j 3d plur. 

styrmdon, 223. 
Jstyrnmod, adj., stern of mood, 

npm. styrnmode, 227. 
sum, pron., a certain one, some 

one, ns. 275 $ asm. sumne, 

148. 
sundoryrfe, m., private pro- 
perty, gs. sundoryrfes, 340. 
susl, n., torture, anguish, is. 

susle, 114. 
swa, adv., so, as, 28, 32, 67, 

126, 130, 236. 
swa, conj., as, 38, 95, 102, 

123, 143, 197, 2775 that, 

68. 



66 



<Slo$#ar£ 



swaesendo, np]., banquet, ap. 9. 
swatig, adj., bloody, asm. swa- 

tigne, 338. 
swa6u, {., track, footprint, ds. 

swafte, 322. 
swegel, n. , heaven, gs. swegles, 

80, 88, 124, 345, 350. 
sweora, m., neck, as. sweoran, 

106. 
JsweorcendferhS, adj., down- 
cast, disconsolate, npm. sweorc- 

endferhfte, 269. 
sweord, n., sword, as. 338; is. 

sweorde, 89, 289; ap. swyrd, 

230, 318; ip. sweordum, 194, 

295 j swyrdum, 264, 302, 

322. 
sweot, n., troop, army, ns. 

299. 
sweotole, adv., clearly, 177. 
sweotollice, adv., clearly, 136. 
swima, m., swoon, ds. swiman, 

30, 106. 
swiS, adj., strong, comp. isf. 

swiftran (= right), 80. 
swiSe, adv., see swyfte. 
swiSlic, adj., -violent, furious, 

asn. 240. 
swi3m5d, adj., vehement-souled, 

stern, proud, nsm. 30, 340. 
swiSrian, W2., destroy, pp. ge- 

swrSrod, 266. 
swutelian, w2., display, mani- 
fest, pp. geswutelod, 285. 



swylc, pron., such as, which, 

asm. swylcne, 65. 
swylce, adv., as, 18, 338, 344, 

349- 

swylce, conj., as if, 31. 

swyrd, see sweord. 

Jswyrdgeswing, n., sword- 
stroke, sword-brandishing, as. 
240. 

swy 5e, adv. , much, greatly, 8 8 j 
comp. swy'Sor, 182. 

sylf, pron., self, own, gsm. 
sylfes, 3 5 o } dsf. sylfre, 3365 
asn. 204} gp. sylfra, 285. 

sym(b)el, n., feast, ds. symle, 

symbel, n., continuance, per- 
petuity, as. 44 (on symbel = 
always). 

sySSan, adv., after, since, 114. 

sy55an, conj., as soon as, 160, 
168, 189, 218. 

T. 

tacnian, W2., signify, betoken, 

pp. getacnod, 197, 286. 
teon, 11., draw;, pull, pret. 3d 

sing, teah, 99. 
teran, iv., tear, inf. 281. 
tid, f., time, ds. tide, 286 ; as. 

307. 
tilian, w2. w. gen., provide, 

inf. 208. 



(glossary 



6 7 



tir, m., glory, ns. 157; gs- tires, 
93, 272 ; as. 197. 

Jti5, f., gift, boon, as. trSe, 6. 

to, prep. w. dat., to, 9, 11, 15, 
16, 36, 40, 43,- 54> 73) J 4 J » 
147,152, 169, 176, 189, 196, 
202, 213,220,275, 281, 283, 
312, 327; in, 7, 323, 346; as, 
96, 174, 296, 297, 3355 y^r, 
120, 200, 348. 

tSbredan, in. w. instr., shake 
off, inf. tobred[a]n, 247. 

togeanes, prep.w. dat., toward, 
149. 

tohte, f., conflict, ds. tohtan, 

J 97- c . 

torht, adj., illustrious, asf. wk. 

torhtan, 43. 
torhtlic, adj., splendid, nsm. 

*57- 
torhtmod, adj., glorious, nsm. 

6, 93. 

torn, m., grief, rage, as. 272. 

tome, adv., wretchedly, miser- 
ably, 93. 

toS, m., tooth, dp. t5$on, 272. 

toweard, adj., approaching, im- 
minent, nsm. 157, 286. 

traef, n.,tent, pavilion, ds. traefe, 

43» 2,555 as- * 68 - 
trum, adj., firm, settled, asm. 

trumne, 6. 
tweogan, w2., doubt, pret. 3d 

sing, tweode, 1, 346. 



5a, adv., M*», 2, 7> J 5> 2I > 
34, 41, 54, 55, 6l > 6 4> 67, 
77, 80, 94, 98, 103, 107, 
108, 122, 130, 132, 138, 
146, 147, 169, 176, 220, 
269, 278, 290, 302, 324 j 
J£, 73, 97, io 7, I2 5, !59> 
17 1 , J 99> 2 4 6 , 2 7 2 , 2 75> 
280. 

5a, conj., w^», }>a, 3, 145. 

5ser, adv., there, 113, 119, 
2845 Her, 17, 46, 3° 8 5 "Bar, 
2. 

Saer, conj., where, ]>£r, 40, 44, 

63- 
5aerinne, adv., therein, 50 (cf. 

also Her . . . inne, 44~45)- 
Saet, conj., that, fret, introducing 
result clauses 5 4 (or final), 
48 (or final), 105, 106,110, 
136 5 introducing substantive 
clauses : (a) subject, 156, 2865 
(b) object, 27, 56, 89, 93, 
118, 153, 168,. 1 84 (or final), 
188, 208, 240, 254, 276 (da- 
tive relation, March, AS. 
Gram. § 468, b). 
5ancolmod,adj., discreet, heed- 
ful, attentive, asf. J>ancolmode, 
172. 
5anonne, adv., thence, away. 
J?anonne, 132. 



68 



45los#ar£ 



Se, pron. , who, which, that, J>e, 
50, 71, 96, 124, 158, 181, 
235, 258, 284, 343, 347, 
348 ; in locative sense (= in 
which), J>e, 127, 288 (?). 

Se, conj., >e, since, because, 6. 

Seah, adv., however, 257. 

Seah, conj., )>eah, though, 20. 

Searf, f., need, as. J?earfe, 3, 92. 

Searfende, adj.,»m/y, dsf. )>earf- 
endre (M>. J?earf fendre) ? 85. 

Searle, adv., 'very, exceedingly, 
J?earle, 74, 86, 262, 268, 307. 

JSearlmod, adj., stout-souled, 
puissant, nsm. )>earlm6d, 66, 
91. 

Seaw, m., conduct; in plur., 
morals, virtues, dp. fteawum, 
129. 

Seg(e)n, m., warrior, np. 
>egnas, 307 j officer, ap. 15eg- 
nas, 10. 

Se^ncan, wi., intend, mean, pret. 
3d sing. J?6hte, 58 $ 3d plur. 
Ronton, 208. 

S^nden, conj., >enden, while, 
66. 

Seoden, m., prince, king, ns. 
66 j J>eoden, 91 ; gs. beodnes, 
165, 268; ds. beodne, 11; 
Lord, King, ds. }?eodne, 3. 

JSeodguma, m., man of the peo- 
ple, np. J>eodguman, 208 j fteod- 
guman, 332. 



fSeowen, f., handmaid, ns. 

J?eowen, 74. 
Ses, pron., this, dsf. ftysse, 

66; asm. J>ysne, 90; ism. 

"Sys, 2; J?ys, 89 j gp. >yssa, 

187. 
Sicgan, v., receive, pret. 3d 

plur. J>egon, 19. 
Sin, pron., thy, gsf. Jnnre, 85, 

91. 
JSinen, f., handmaid, as. Sm- 

enne, 172. 
Sing, n., thing, deed, gs. "Singes, 

60 j as. Hng, 153. 
Solian, W2., endure, pret. 3d 

plur. J?oledon, 215 ; pres. 

part. J?oligende, 272. 
39nan, adv., thence, 118. 
SoncwyrSe, adj., memorable, 

asn. boncwyrfte, 153. 
Sonne, conj., than, )>onne, 330. 
Srag, f. , time (ealle ftrage = 

continuously), as. )>rage, 237. 
Sreat, m., company, cohort, is. 

Create, 62; ip. ftreatum, 164. 
Sringan, in., throng, pret. 3d 

plur. ^rungon, 1 64 ; press 

forward, approach, inf. )>ring- 

an, 249 j pp. geSrungen, 

287. 
Srym, m., majesty, ns. ^5rym, 

86 ; J>rymmes, 60; courage, is. 

brymme, 332; troop, ip. Srym- 

mum, 164. 



<Slostfari> 



69 



Srymful, adj., majestic, peerless, 

nsf. J>rymful, 74. 
Srymlic, adj., sumptuous, apn. 

>rymlic, 8. 
Srynes, f,, Trinity, gs. "Srynesse, 

86. 
5u, pron., thou, as. "Se, 83; np. 

ge, 153, 158, 177, 196 ; dp. 



eow, 152, 154, 
97 5 ap- eow, 



156, 



Surfan, prp. need, pres. 3d sing. 

flearf, 117; opt. pres. 2d 

plur. t>yrfen, 153. 
6urh, prep. w. ace, through, 

>urh, 49 (adv. ?), 151, 304; 

by means of, 186, 198, 334, 

35°- 

Sus, adv., thus, )ms, 93. 

Susendmselum, adv., by thou- 
sands, JnisendmSlum, 165. 

Syder, adv. , thither, >yder, 129. 

Systre, adj., gloomy, nsf. >ystre, 

_34- 
Systru, f., shade, darkness dp. 
t>ystrum, 118. 

U 

ufan, adv., above, onufan, 252. 

under, prep. w. dat., under, 

67, 203, 219, 333 $ w. ace, 

"3- 

unlaed, adj., miserable, gsm. un- 
lsdan, 102. 



unlyfigende, adj., dead, gsm. 
unlyfigendes, 1805 dp. un- 
lyflgendum, 316. 

unnan, prp. w. dat. of person 
and gen. of thing, grant, pret. 
3d sing, ufte, 123, 183. 

unrot, adj., dejected, joyless, 
npm. unrote, 284. 

unsofte, adv., harshly, cruelly, 
228. 

Junswseslic, adj., ungentle, bit- 
ter, grievous, asm. unswaes- 
Hcne, 65. 

unsyfre, adj., impure, nsm. wk. 
unsyfra, 76. 

up, adv., up, 9. 

urigfeSere, adj., dewy-feath- 
ered, nsm. urigfe'Sera, 210. 

ut of, prep., out, 70, 135. 

ute, adv., outside, 284. 

W 

waeccan, wi., watch, pres. part. 

waeccende, 142. 
waelgifre, adj., greedy for 

slaughter, ravenous, nsm. 

207 ; dp. waslgifrum, 296. 
Jwaelscel, n. (?), carnage, as. 

3*3- 

wsepen, n., nveapon, ap. 291. 
wserloga, m., truce-breaker, 

perfidious one, traitor, as. 

wserlogan, 71. 



7 o 



(Slogan? 



wald, m., forest, wold, ds. 

walde, 206. 
waldend, m., ruler, king, ns. 

5» 6l - 
wan, adj., dark, black, nsm. wk. 

wanna, 206. 
JweagesiS, m., companion in 

woe, np. weagesiftas, 16. 
weall, m., wall, gs. wealles, 

151 ; as. 161 j ap. weallas, 

137. 
wealgeat, n., rampart-gate, ds. 

wealgate, 141. 
weard, m., guardian, as. 80. 
weard, f., nvard, watch, as. 

wearde, 142. 
weard, adv., toward, wr3 . . . 

weard, 99. 
wegan, v., carry, pret. 3d plur. 

wafgon, 326. 
wel, adv., •well, 27, 103. 
wenan, wi. w. gen., suspect, 

apprehend, pret. 3d sing. 

wende, 20. 
weorpan, in., cast, fling, pret. 

3d plur. wurpon, 291. 
weorSan, 111., become, be, pret. 

3d sing. wearS, 21, 57, 97, 

i55> l66 > x 99> 2l6 > 26 5> 
275 ; 3d plur. wurdon, 1595 
impers. w. ace, pp. geword- 
en, 260. 
weorSian, W2., honor, pp. ge- 
weorSod, 299. 



weorSmynd, f., honor, as. 
weorSmynde, 343. 

wer, m., man, np. weras, 71, 
142, 163, 241 j ap. weras, 
249. 

werigferhS, adj., weary- 
hearted, sad of heart, npm. 
werigferlrSe, 291 ; apm. [wer- 
ig] fertile, 249. 

werod, n., host, ns. 199 ; gp. 
weroda, 343. 

wesan, anv., be, 3d sing, ys, 
86, (87), 93, 154, 156, 285, 
286 j 3d plur. syndon, 195 j 
pret. 3d sing, wass, 12, 46, 
56, 73> IJ 3> x 46, 161, 168, 
272, 314 j (with negative pre- 
fix : naes, 107, 2575) 3d plur. 
wsron, 17, 225, 238, 255, 
284, 305, 3235 opt. pres. 3d 
sing, sy, 347 j pret. 3d plur. 
wSron, 31.' 

wid,adj., distant, enduring, dsn. 
wk. widan, 348. 

wide, adv., far and wide, 
156. 

wldl, n., pollution, defilement, 
ds. widle, 59. 

wif, n., woman, ns. 148, 163. 

wiga, m., 'warrior, gp. wigena, 
49. 

wiggend, sm., warrior, as. 
258 ; np. 69, 141, 313 5 dp. 
wiggendum, 283. 



dlotftftrg 



7 1 



wiht, adv., a whit, at all, 

274. 
willa, m., enjoyment, gratifica- 
tion, ds. willan, 296. 
willan, anv., will, desire, 1st 

sing, wylle, 84, 187 ; pret. 3d 

sing, wolde, 59, 183. 
win, n., wine, ds. wine, 29 $ is. 

wine, 67. 
wind, m., wind, as. 348. 
windan, in., roll, pret. 3d sing. 

wand, no. 
winedryhten, m., friendly lord, 

as. (Ms. wina-), 274. 
wingedrinc, n., wine-drinking, 

wassail, ds. wingedrince, 16. 
Jwinhate, f., invitation to wine, 

as. winhatan, 8. 
winsaed, adj., wine-sated, 

npm. winsade, 71. 
witan, prp., know, pret. 3d 

plur. w[i]stan, 207 ; with pre- 
fixed ne: pret. 3d sing, nyste, 

68. 
wite, n., torment, agony, ip. 

witum, 115. 
wi5, prep. w. gen., against, 

toward, 4, 99, 162, 248 j w. 

ace, with, 260. 
wiSertrod, n., retreat, as. 313. 
wlanc, adj., lordly, stately, nsf. 

326 ; npm. wlance, 16. 
wlitan, 1., look, inf. 49. 
wlitig, adj., fair, beauteous, 






gsf. wk. wlitegan, 137, dsn. 

wk. wlitegan, 255. 
wolcen, n., cloud, gp. wolcna, 

67. 
wcjm, m., foulness, sin, ds. 

womme, 59. 
wcjinfull, adj., foul, nsm. 77. 
word, m., word, as. 82, 151, 

283 ; ip. wordum, 241. 
worn, m., multitude, dp. worn- 

um, 163. 
woruld, f., world, as. 156} ds. 

worulde, 66. 
woruldbuend, m. , world- 
dweller, gp. woruldbuendra, 

82. 
wr^ccan, wi., awake, arouse, 

pret. 3d plur. wrehton, 228, 

243. 
wuldor, n., glory, ns. 155, 248} 

gs. wuldres, 595 ds. wuldre, 

345; as.j43. 
Jwuldorblaed, m., glorious suc- 
cess, ns. 156. 
wulf, m., wolf, ns. 206 ; dp. 

wulfum, 296. 
wundenlocc, adj., curly-haired, 

nsf. 77, 103, 326. 
wundor, n., wonder, dp. wun- 

drum, 8. 
wunian, w2., dwell, pret. 3d 

sing, wunode, 67 5 inf. 119. 
wyllan, see willan. 
wyrcean, wi., make, pret. 3d 






7 2 



<£ios&arE 



plur. worhton, 503 ; strive, 

pret. 3d sing, worhte, 65 ; 

inf. 8. 
wyrm, m., serpent, snake, ip. 

wyrmum, 115. 
Jwyrms^le, m., serpent-hall, 

ds. 119. 



yean, wi., augment, aggravate, 

inf. 183. 
ymbe, prep. w. ace, around, 

47, 268. 
yrre, adj., wrathful, npm. 225. 



AUG 8 WO* 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Feb. 2009 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION 

111 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



r 



